ROCKETSPACE MILESTONES.docx

ROCKETSPACE MILESTONES.docx

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ROCKETSPACEMILESTONES

ROCKET&SPACEMILESTONES

Itwasthelate19thCenturythatmenbegantothinkseriouslyofsendingvoyagesintothevastnessofspacepropelledbythefieryblastfromrocketnozzles.Therefollowedtwothirdsofacenturyoftheorizing,experimenting,andengineeringthatculminatedin1957inthelaunchingofthefirstartificialsatellite.Belowarelistedsomeofthemilestonesthatledtothebeginningofthespaceage.Thelistcontinuesthroughthemanydecadesofexcitingdiscoveriesandaccomplishmentsthatfollowed:

1891

HermanGanswindt,inBerlin,drawsupthefirstdesignsforaspaceshipusingsolid-propellantrockets.

1900

RomanBaronvonGostkowskipublishesoneoftheearliestscientificdiscussionsofspacetravelintheViennesemagazineDieZeit.

1903

TheRussianKonstantinTsiolkovskypublisheshistheoreticalstudyofrocketfuelsandrocketmotorefficiency,andproposesusingliquidhydrogenandliquidoxygenaspropellants.

TheWrightbrothersofDayton,Ohiobecomethefirstpeopletodemonstratesustainedflightofaheavier-than-airmachineunderthecompletecontrolofthepilot.

1919

InAmerica,RobertHutchingsGoddardpublishesa69-pagepaperonhisresearchactivities,entitledAMethodofReachingExtremeAltitudes.

1923

HermannOberth'sbook,TheRocketintoInterplanetarySpace,establishesmostofthebasictheoriesofspaceflight.

1925

Adetailedthesis,ThePossibilityofReachingCelestialBodies,ispublishedbyWalterHohmannofEssen,Germany.Itgivesdetailedcalculationsforinterplanetaryorbits.

1926

Goddardlaunchestheworld'sfirstsuccessfulliquid-propellantrocketinMassachusetts.

1927

Thefirstactiveastronauticalsociety,theVereinf黵Raumschiffahrt,isformedinGermany.

1928

InAustria,BaronGuidovonPirquetproposesasystemofthreespacestationsorbitingEarth,whilehiscountrymanHermanNoordunggivesengineeringplansforsuchastation.Meanwhile,anotherAustrian,FranzA.vonUlinski,publishesanadvancedplanforaspacevehiclewithanelectricpropulsionsystem.

InFrance,RobertEsnault-PelteriepublishesthebookTheExplorationoftheUpperAtmospherewithRocketsandthePossibilityofInterplanetaryFlights.

1929

OberthpublishesRoadstoSpaceTravel,stillcalled"themostimportanttheoreticalworkonthesubject."

InRussia,theGroupforInvestigationofReactionMotionisorganized.

1930

TheAmericanInterplanetarySociety（latercalledtheAmericanRocketSociety,andstilllatertheAmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics）isformed.

Oberth'sKegeld黶e,atheoreticallyidealrocketcombustionchamber,usingliquidoxygenandgasoline,isfiredonateststand.

1932

TheGermanOrdnanceCorpsstartssystematicgovernment-sponsoredrocketresearchunderWalterDornbergerandWernhervonBraun.

1933

EugenS鋘gerpublisheshisfundamentalinvestigationsintorocketenginesinthebookRaketenflugtechnik（RocketFlightEngineering）inMunich.

1934

InGermanytheVonBraun-Dornbergergroupfiresthefirstmodelsinanewseriesofrockets-theAggregate2,orA-2,forerunneroftheA-4,latercalledV-2.

1936

TheGuggenheimAeronauticalLaboratoryoftheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologystartsinvestigationsofsoundingrocketsunderTheodorevonKarman.

1939

Thefirsttrueturbine-equippedjetaircraft,theHeinkelHe178,pilotedbyErichWarsitzisflowninGermany.

1941

InGermany,therocket-poweredMe163Kometsetsanewworldspeedrecordof1,004.5km/h.

1942

Initsfirstsuccessfulflight,aGermanV-2rocketsetsnewrecordsforvelocity（Mach5）andaltitude（85kilometers）.

1944

Caltechgetsago-aheadforhigh-altituderocketresearchandfiresitsfirstrocket,PrivateA,laterintheyear.

ThefirstGermanV-2rocketsbecomeoperationalandarefiredagainstParisandLondon.

1945

ThefirstverticalmannedrocketflightisconductedinGermanyinaBachem-Natterrocketairplane;intheresultingcrash,testpilotLieutenantSiebertiskilled.

TheU.S.SecretaryofWarapprovesestablishmentofWhiteSandsProvingGround.

TheCaltechgroupfiresaliquid-propellantWACCorporal.

1946

ThefirstlaunchofacapturedV-2forhigh-altituderesearchiscarriedoutatWhiteSands.

ScientificResearchInstituteNo.88（NII-88）isestablishedtodevelopSovietballisticmissiles.SergeiKorolevisappointedchiefdesignerofDepartmentNo.3,theunitinchargeoftheV-2program.

TheU.S.AirForceMissileDevelopmentCenteratHolomanAirForceBasebeginsbiologicalexperimentsdirectedtowardsaman-in-spaceprogram,sendingupaballoonwithfungussporestoexposethemtocosmicradiation.

1947

TheBellXS-1（latershortenedtoX-1）rocketresearchplane,pilotedbyCaptainCharlesE.Yeager,fliesfasterthanthespeedofsound.

1948

TheSovietUnionperformsthefirsttestsofitsR-1missile,aSovietmadecopyoftheV-2.

AfourkilogramrhesusmonkeynamedAlbertissentupinaV-2noseconeatWhiteSands.

TheU.S.conductsflighttestsoftheMX-774missile,incorporatingmanydesigninnovationsthatwillbeusedontheAtlasmissile.

Inayear-endreport,SecretaryofDefenseJamesForrestaldisclosedU.S.space-satellitestudies.

1949

AV-2-plus-WACCorporalcombinationfiredfromWhiteSandsreachesouterspace-400kilometersup.

ThefirstlargeAmericanrocket,Viking,islaunchedfromWhiteSands.

PresidentTrumansignsabillprovidinga8,000-kilometerguidedmissiletestrangeatCapeCanaveral,Florida.

1950

ThefirstmissileisfiredfromCapeCanaveral.

TheFirstInternationalAstronauticalCongressmeetsinParis.

TheSovietgovernmentauthorizesaresearchprogramtostudylong-rangeballisticmissiles.

1951

DuringtheSecondInternationalAstronauticalCongressinLondon,theInternationalAstronauticalFederation（IAF）isformed.

Amonkeyandelevenmicegosafelyto72,000metersinsideaU.S.Aerobeerocket.

1954

TheSovietgovernmentauthorizesfull-scaledevelopmentoftheR-7ICBM.

TheU.S.AirForceannouncesthedecisiontoproceedwithAtlasICBMdevelopment.

1955

Tyuratam,alsoknownasBaikonur,locatedinKazakhstanisestablishedasthe5thScientificandResearchTestRange（NIIP-5）.

ThefeasibilityofarocketenginedevelopingamillionpoundsofthrustinasinglechamberestablishedatRocketdyne.

TheU.S.AirForceapprovesproposalstobeginworkonanICBMalternativetoAtlas,whichwillbecomeTitan.

PresidentEisenhowerinitiatesthesatelliteprogramfortheInternationalGeophysicalYear.

TheU.S.AtomicEnergyCommission（AEC）approvesplansforthestudyanddevelopmentofnuclearpowerforrocketpropulsion.

1956

ThedirectorofRussia'sAero-MedicalResearchCenterreportsonexperimentssendingupdogsinsoundingrockets.

ConstructionbeginsontheJiuquanSatelliteLaunchCenterinnorthwestChina.

TheSovietspaceandballisticmissiletrackingnetworkisestablished.

AU.S.JupiterCrocketsendsapayloadtoarangeof5,300kilometersandanaltitudeof1,100kilometers.

ThefirsttestshotintheU.S.satelliteprogram,aViking,issentuptotesttelemetryequipment.

1957

InMay,theSovietUnionattemptsthefirstlaunchofanR-7ICBM,unsuccessfully.

InJune,theU.S.attemptsthefirstlaunchofanearlymodelAtlasA,unsuccessfully.

SovietPremierKhrushchevannouncesasuccessfulICBMflightinAugustoverarangeof6,000kilometers.

TheSovietUnionlaunchesthefirstartificialsatelliteofEarth,Sputnik1,onOctober4.

InNovember,theSovietUnionlaunchesSputnik2,thefirstsatellitetocarryalivinganimal,adognamedLaika.

TheUnitedStatesfirstattempttolaunchanartificialsatellite,Vanguard,resultsinanexplosiononthelaunchpad.

1958

Explorer1,thefirstsuccessfulU.S.satellite,islaunchedonJanuary31.AninstrumentpackageprovidesevidenceofhighaltituderadiationsurroundingEarth-thefirstmajorscientificdiscoveryofthespaceage.

ThefirstsuccessfullaunchofanAtlasB,America'sfirstICBM.

TheU.S.AdvancedResearchProjectAgencyformallyinitiateswhatwillbecometheSaturnproject.

TheU.S.attemptsthefirstlaunchofalunarprobe,Pioneer0,unsuccessfully.

TheSovietUnionattemptsitsfirstlaunchofalunarprobe,Luna,unsuccessfully.

TheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration（NASA）isformedfromtheNationalAdvisoryCommitteeonAeronautics（NACA）andotheragencies.

ProjectMercury,thefirstU.S.spaceflightprogram,isestablished.

TheU.S.firesthefirstmissilefromitswestcoastlaunchsiteatVandenburgAirForceBase.

1959

TheSovietUnionlaunchesLuna1inalunarimpactattempt;thespacecraftgoesintosolarorbitaftera5,000kilometerfly-by.Firstdirectobservationsofthesolarwind.

RocketdyneisawardedafullresearchanddevelopmentcontractfortheF-1engine.

TheU.S.launchesPioneer4,whichfliesbytheMoonatadistance60,000kilometersintosolarorbit.

NASAannouncestheselectionofitsfirstgroupofsevenastronauts,the"Mercury7".

Thefirstexperimentalreactor,Kiwi-A,intheU.S.nuclearspacerocketprogramisoperatedsuccessfully.

TheSovietLuna2probesuccessfullycompletesthefirstlunarimpact.

TheSovietLuna3probereturnsthefirstpicturesofthelunarfarsidewith70%photocoverage.

Plesetsk,innorthernRussia,becomestheworld'sfirstoperationalICBMsite.

1960

TheU.S.completesitsfirstsuccessfultestlaunchofatwo-stageTitanIICBM.

TheinitialgroupoftwentySovietcosmonautsi