英语英语阅读理解科普环保专项习题及答案解析及解析.docx
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英语英语阅读理解科普环保专项习题及答案解析及解析
(英语)英语阅读理解(科普环保)专项习题及答案解析及解析
一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类
1.犇犇阅读理解
Accordingtoarecentstudy,anewgeneticallymodifiedricecanpreventinfectionsofHIV,thevirusresponsibleforthediseaseAIDS.
Thestudyreportsthenewly-developedriceproducesproteinsthatattachdirectlytotheHIVvirus.Thisprocesspreventsthevirusfrommixingwithhumancells.Thescientistssayitcanremovetheeffectofthevirusandblockitsspreading.
TheJointUnitedNationsProgramonHIV/AIDSreportsthatworldwide,nearly37millionpeoplewerelivingwithHIVin2017.Theorganizationsaysthelargestnumberofthoseareindevelopingcountries.Nearlytwo-thirdsofHIVcasesareinAfrica.NowthereisnocureforHIV/AIDSthoughtherehavebeendevelopmentsinoraldrugtreatmentstoslowtheprogressionofthedisease.
Thenewstudypredictstherice-basedmethodwillleadtolong-termuseoftheanti-HIVtreatmentacrossthedevelopingworld.Researcherssaidthe"groundbreaking"discoveryis"realisticallytheonlyway"thatanti-HIVcombinationtreatmentscanbeproducedatacostlowenoughforthedevelopingworld.
Theysaytheeasiestandmostcost-effectivewaytousethericewillbetomakeitintoacreamtobeputontheskin.TheHIV-fightingproteinscanthenenterthebodythroughtheskin.Peopleallovertheworldcouldgrowthericeandmakethecreamthemselves.Thiswouldpreventthecostandtravelrequiredformanypatientstoreceivetreatmentsandmedicine.
Theprocessofchangingthegeneticstructureoffoodcropshasbeendebatedforsometime.Criticsofgeneticallyengineeredcropsbelievetheycanharmpeople.Thescientificteamsaysfurthertestingisneededtoensurethatthegeneticengineeringprocessdoesnotproduceanyadditionalchemicalsthatcouldbedangeroustopeople.
(1)Whatdoestheauthorintendtodoinparagraph3?
A. StresstheurgencyofHIVtreatments.
B. ProvidesomedataaboutHIV.
C. RemindreadersofHIVprevention.
D. IntroduceHIVtothepublic.
(2)Inwhichwaywillthericebeusedatthelowestcost?
A. Bytransformingitintoproteins.
B. Byaddingittoanoraldrug.
C. ByattachingittotheHIVvirus.
D. Byprocessingitintoacream.
(3)Whatcanweinferaboutthegeneticengineeringprocess?
A. ItcanpreventinfectionsofHIV.
B. Itcanproducedangerouschemicals.
C. Itstillrequiresperfecting.
D. Itappliestothedevelopedworld.
(4)Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?
A. Abiologytextbook.
B. Ahealthmagazine.
C. Asocialwebpage.
D. Afirstaidbrochure.
【答案】
(1)A
(2)D
(3)C
(4)B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了科学家培育出可预防艾滋病病毒感染的转基因水稻。
研究人员表示,这一“突破性”的发现是“现在唯一的”以低成本为发展中国家生产抗艾滋病毒联合治疗的方法,但还有待于进一步的完善。
(1)考查推理判断。
根据第三段中的“nearly37millionpeoplewerelivingwithHIVin2017....NowthereisnocureforHIV/AIDSthoughtherehavebeendevelopmentsinoraldrugtreatmentstoslowtheprogressionofthedisease”可知,“2017年全世界有近3700万人感染艾滋病毒。
尽管口服药物治疗已经有了进展减缓了疾病的发展,但现在还没有治愈艾滋病毒/艾滋病的方法”。
由此可推断出对于艾滋病的治疗迫在眉睫,非常紧迫。
分析选项可知A项符合题意,故选A。
(2)考查细节理解。
根据第五段中的“Theysaytheeasiestandmostcost-effectivewaytousethericewillbetomakeitintoacreamtobeputontheskin.”可知,最简单、最划算的使用方法是将大米制成面霜涂在皮肤上。
“themostcost-effective”与“thelowestcost”是同义词,“makeitintoacream”与“processitintoacream”是同义的。
故选D。
(3)考查推理判断。
根据最后一段中的“Thescientificteamsaysfurthertestingisneededtoensurethatthegeneticengineeringprocessdoesnotproduceanyadditionalchemicalsthatcouldbedangeroustopeople.”可知,科学研究小组认为要进一步的测试,以确保基因工程过程不会产生任何可能对人类有害的额外化学物质。
由此可推断这种基因工程的过程还需要进一步的完善。
故选C。
(4)考查推理判断。
纵观全文可知,本文介绍了最近的一项研究,一种新的转基因水稻可以预防艾滋病病毒的感染。
因此与人类的健康有关,所以本文可能是出现在健康杂志上,故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查,是一篇科研类阅读,考生需要准确捕捉细节信息,同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理,从而选出正确答案。
2.犇犇Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.
Beingabletolandsafelyisacriticallyimportantskillforallflyinganimals.Comparativelyspeaking,groundlivinganimalsfacenoparticularchallengewhentheyneedtostoprunningorcrawling,whileflyinganimalsmoveatmuchhigherspeed,andtheymustbecarefulabouthowtheyland.Hittingtheground,orevenwater,atfullflightspeedwouldbequitedangerous.Beforetouchingdown,theymustdecreasetheirspeedinordertolandsafely.Bothbatsandbirdshavemasteredtheskilloflanding,butthesetwotypesofflyersgoaboutitquitedifferently.
Inthepastitwasbelievedthat,intermsofflyingmechanics,therewaslittledifferencebetweenbatsandbirds.Thisbeliefwasbasedonlyonassumption,however,becauseforyearsnobodyhadactuallystudiedindetailhowbatsmovetheirwings.Inrecentyears,though,researchershavediscoveredanumberofinterestingfactsaboutbatflight.Batsarebuiltdifferentlyfrombirds,andtheirwingsaremadeupofboththeirfrontandhindlimbs(肢体).Thismakescoordinating(协调)theirlimbsmoredifficultforbatsand,asaresult,theyarenotverygoodatflyingoverlongerdistances.However,theyaremuchbetterattheabilitytoadjustthemselves:
abatcanquicklychangeitsdirectionofflightorcompletelyreverseit,somethingabirdcannoteasilydo.
Anotherinterestingcharacteristicofbatflightisthewayinwhichbatsland-upsidedown!
Unlikebirdswhichtouchdownonthegroundorontreebranches,batscanbeobservedflyingaroundandthensuddenlyhangingupsidedownfromanobjectoverhead.Onedownsidetothislandingroutineisthatthebatsoftenlandwithsomeforce,whichprobablycausespain.However,notallbatshittheirlandingspotswiththesamespeedandforce;thesewillvarydependingontheareawhereabatspeciesmakesitshome.Forexample,acavebat,whichregularlylivesonahardstoneceiling,ismorecarefulaboutitslandingpreparationthanabatmoreaccustomedtolandinginleafytreetops.
(1)Whichofthefollowingisthetopicofthepassage?
A. Placeswhereflyinganimalschoosetoland.
B. Whyscientistshavedifficultyobservingbats.
C. Differencesintheeatinghabitsofbatsandbirds.
D. Waysinwhichbatsmovedifferentlyfrombirds.
(2)Whichofthefollowingisafalseassumptionaboutbatsthatwasrecentlycorrected?
A. Theycannothearanysound.
B. Theysleepupsidedown.
C. Theyflysimilarlytobirds.
D. Theyhideintreebranches.
(3)Theword"it"(in2ndparagraph)probablyrefersto"______".
A. thedistancetothenets
B. thesenseofflyingheight
C. theflyingdirection
D. theabilitytochangethespeed
(4)Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?
A. Batsmighthurtthemselveswhenlanding. B. Batscanhangupsidedownlikebirds.
C. Batscanadjustspeedbeforelanding.
D. Batsandbirdslandindifferentways.
【答案】
(1)D
(2)C
(3)C
(4)B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文,作者用研究事实来证明蝙蝠在飞行及运动方式与鸟类完全不同。
以前人们认为蝙蝠和鸟类在运动方面没有什么区别,但现在的研究证明蝙蝠的构造不同于鸟类,它们的翅膀由前肢和后肢组成,它们自我调节能力好,可迅速改变飞行方向,或完全逆行,这是鸟类不容易做到的,而且蝙蝠飞行的另一个有趣特征是蝙蝠倒立着降落的!
这不同于那些降落在地上或树枝上的鸟。
(1)考查主旨大意。
根据第一段中的"Bothbatsandbirdshavemasteredtheskilloflanding,butthesetwotypesofflyersgoaboutitquitedifferently."提出了蝙蝠与鸟的降落方式及飞行的不同。
第二段用研究证明过去认为蝙蝠和鸟类在飞行运动方面没有什么区别是错误的。
尤其是"theyaremuchbetterattheabilitytoadjustthemselves:
abatcanquicklychangeitsdirectionofflightorcompletelyreverseit,somethingabirdcannoteasilydo"可知蝙蝠与鸟的运动不同;第三段中的"Anotherinterestingcharacteristicofbatflightisthewayinwhichbatsland-upsidedown!
Unlikebirdswhichtouchdownonthegroundorontreebranches,…"再一次说明了蝙蝠与鸟运动方式的不同。
综上所述,可知,蝙蝠与鸟运动方式的不同是本文的主题。
故选D。
(2)考查推理判断。
根据第二段中的"Inthepastitwasbelievedthat,intermsofflyingmechanics,therewaslittledifferencebetweenbatsandbirds.Thisbeliefwasbasedonlyonassumption,however,becauseforyearsnobodyhadactuallystudiedindetailhowbatsmovetheirwings…Thismakescoordinating(协调)theirlimbsmoredifficultforbatsand,asaresult,theyarenotverygoodatflyingoverlongerdistances."可推断出,过去人们认为蝙蝠与鸟在飞行运动方式与鸟没有区别,最近的研究发现,这是不正确的,故也是要纠正的,故选C。
(3)考查代词指代。
划线部分的上下文说"蝙蝠在自我调节的能力上要好得多:
蝙蝠可以迅速改变飞行方向,或者完全与它(正飞行方向)相反的方向飞行,这是鸟不容易做到的。
"由此可知,此处的"it"指的是飞行的方向。
故选C。
(4)考查推断判断。
根据第三段中的"Anotherinterestingcharacteristicofbatflightisthewayinwhichbatsland-upsidedown!
Unlikebirdswhichtouchdownonthegroundorontreebranches,batscanbeobservedflyingaroundandthensuddenlyhangingupsidedownfromanobjectoverhead.Onedownsidetothislandingroutineisthatthebatsoftenlandwithsomeforce,whichprobablycausespain."可知,蝙蝠飞行的另一个有趣特征是蝙蝠倒立着降落的方式!
不同于那些降落在地上或树枝上的鸟,观察到蝙蝠可以四处飞行,然后突然倒挂在头顶的物体上。
这种降落方式的一个缺点是蝙蝠经常用力降落,这可能会导致疼痛。
因此蝙蝠与鸟不同,蝙蝠可以倒挂着。
故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断,代词指代和主旨大意三个题型的考查,是一篇科研类阅读,要求考生根据上下文的逻辑关系,进行分析,推理,概括和归纳,从而选出正确答案。
3.犇犇阅读理解
Inmymemory,wintersalwaysusedtobereallyunpleasant.Youhadtobundleupjusttokeepwarmwhenyouwentoutside.Youwereoftencold,wet,slipontheice,andyou'darrivehometoanice-coldhouse.Andthatwouldmeanturningontheheatingandwaiting.It'samiracleyoudidn'tgetcoldtothebone.
Fortunately,thingsdon'thavetobesochallenginganymore.Technology,engineringanddesignhaveadvancedgivingusnewsolutionstooldproblems.Itmeansdealingwithwinterneedn'tbelikeskatingonthinice.
Withasmartthermostat(温度自动调节器),ourhomescanbewarmwhenweneedthemtobe.Manymodelsfeaturesmartphoneappsthatallowyoutocontroltemperatureremotely,sowecanwarmupthehousebeforewearrivehome.Accordingto,Tado'smodelfeaturesvoicecontrol,whiletheNest'leans'yourhabitsandautomaticallyheatsthehomeforyou.
Clotheshavebeengivenanupgrade,too.Electronicthermaljackets,sweatersandcoat