英文版初稿.docx

英文版初稿.docx

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英文版初稿

OntheDifferencesandSimilaritiesbetween“All-embracingLove”and“UniversalFraternity”

AThesisSubmitted

ToForeignLanguageDepartment

OfCollegeofInformation&Business,

ZhongyuanUniversityofTechnology

InPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirements

FortheDegreeofBachelorofArts

By

XieWanqing

StudentIDNumber:

201003014107

Supervisor：

ZhengJimin

April15th,2014

论文摘要

墨家和基督教的伦理思想尽管有其不同的历史背景、文化意蕴及伦理精神，但是“爱”却是两者共同讨论的一个话题。

墨家“兼爱”是以人的利益为目的的，是一种功利的爱，在本质上，这与基督教“博爱”的自我牺牲的超功利的爱是不同的。

但是，作为先秦两大显学之一的墨家倡导“兼相爱，交相利”、“视人之身若视其身”，这与基督教宣扬的“爱人如己”的平等之爱确有共同之处，两者都强调相互的、平等的、普遍的无差等的爱。

但两者事实上都无法完全超越建立在血源宗法基础之上的差等之爱。

比较研究墨家的“兼爱”和基督教的“博爱”思想，对于深入理解墨家和基督教思想甚至是中西传统文化的异同，进一步反思传统文化的合理精神内核并进行现代性的诠释，是有所裨益的。

关键词：

墨家；基督教；兼爱；博爱

Abstract

TherearedifferentaspectsinhistoricalbackgroundandculturalconnotationandethicalspiritbetweenMohismandChristianity,while“love”isacommondiscussionsubjectforbothofthem.Mohism“All-embracingLove”forthepurposeofhuman’sinterests,isautilitarianlove,whichisdifferentfromself-sacrifice,superutilitarianloveof“UniversalFraternity”.ButtheMohistschool,asoneofthetwomostimportantschoolsinthePre-Qinperiod,advocates“all-embracingloveandmutualbenefit”and“treatasyourselfothers,whichsharesomethingincommonwiththeideaof“loveyourneighborasyourself”and“universalfraternity”preachedbyChristianity.Bothofthememphasizemutual,equal,universallovewithoutdistinction.Andatthesametime,neitherofthemcouldpracticallybypassthe“unequallove”basedonconsanguinityandpatriarchism.BythecomparativestudybetweenMohism“All-embracingLove”andChristianity“UniversalFraternity”,itisbeneficialforthedeepunderstandingofMohismandChristianityandeventhedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenChineseandwesterntraditionalculture,aswellasthefurtherreflectiononthetraditionalcultureandtheinterpretationofmodernculturalspirit.

Keywords:

Mohism;Christianity;all-embracinglove;universalfraternity

TableofContents

Abstract（Chinese）……………….…………………………………………………..

I

Abstract（English）……………….…………………………………………………..

II

1.Introduction…………………………………………...............................................

1

2.TheSocialBackgroundandtheMeaningof“All-embracingLove”and“UniversalFraternity”.................................................................................................

2

2.1TheSocialBackgroundandtheMeaningof“All-embracingLove”........................

2

2.2TheSocialBackgroundandtheMeaningof“UniversalFraternity”.........................

2

3.TheSimilaritiesbetween“All-embracingLove”and“UniversalFraternity”

3

3.1TheSimilarThoughtOriginationbetween“All-embracingLove”and“UniversalFraternity”......................................................................................................................

3

3.2TheSimilarUniversalitybetween“All-embracingLove”and“UniversalFraternity”......................................................................................................................

4

4.TheDifferencesbetween“All-embracingLove”and“UniversalFraternity”...

5

4.1DifferentObjectsbetween“All-embracingLove”and“UniversalFraternity”...

5

4.2DifferentEssencesbetween“All-embracingLove”and“UniversalFraternity”......

6

5.Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….

8

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………...

10

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………

11

1.Introduction

WhendiscussingChineseandwesternculture,peoplewillnoticetheirdifferences,whichcanattributetonationaldifferences,ortimesofdifferences,orbothofthem.Nomatterwhatpeople’sspecificopinion,theydoexistthedifferences.Ofcourse,livinginthisunifiedsociety,peopleadopttheattitudeofseekingcommongroundwhilereservingdifferencestowardseveryfield.OnlyadmittingandrespectingthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternculture,peopleareabletohavethechancetocommunicateanddevelopthemattersineveryarea.Inspiteofdifferenthistoricaldevelopmentpathanddistinctivefeatures,therelationbetweenChineseandwesterncultureisnotantagonistic,butcomplementary.Whatthematteristointegrate,learnfromeachotherinmutualemulationsoastoadaptthischangingtimes.

Incontentionofahundredschoolsofthoughtsofthespringandautumnandwarringstatesperiods,MohismistheonlyschoolofthoughtthatcouldcontendwithConfucianism.Atthefirststart,MohismisabranchofConfucianism,butitquitehastheprofoundconflictwithConfucianist.Undoubtedly,Mohismhasafar-reachinginfluenceonChinesesociallifeandhumanisticspirit.Mohism“All-embracingLove”makesacomprehensiveandin-depthdiscussioninlove.“All-embracingLove”meansloveeverybodyincludinghimself.Inotherwords,“oneforall,allforone”istheessenceandspiritofMohism“All-embracingLove”.

Inwesternsociety,Christianityisakindofreligiousethics,inalonghistoricalperioduntilnow,Christianityisthecommonbeliefofwholewesternpeople.Christianityhasahugeandthoroughinfluence,whichbecomestheimportantsourceofwesternsocialmoralconsensus.“UniversalFraternity”meansthegeneralloveofhuman.Manyscholarsconsider,itsthoughtoriginshoulddatefromEarlyChristianityAgapeCommandment.Christianity“UniversalFraternity”isbasedonequality,thatiseveryoneisequal,andfurthermore,peopleshouldobtainlovewithoutdistinction.Thisideabuildedonthebasisofequalityissurelythefirstcompleteuniversalloveconceptinhuman’shistory.

Becauseofthesimilarthoughtconnotationbetween“All-embracingLove”and“UniversalFraternity”,itiseasiertoestablishacommonculturaldiscoursebetweenthemwhichisbeneficialtocarryoutmutuallydialogueandcommunicateideas.

2.TheSocialBackgroundandtheMeaningof“All-embracingLove”and“UniversalFraternity”

2.1TheSocialBackgroundandtheMeaningof“All-embracingLove”

Mozi,thefounderofMohism,livesinthesystemofritescollapsedandmusicdisappearedinspringandAutumnandWarringStatesPeriods.Duringtheprocessfromslaverytofeudalism,thecurrentsocietywasfullofwar,violenceandtyranny.Forhowtorestorethesocialstability,andhowtorebuildthesocialethics,Moziputforwardhissolution,whichcanbesummedupinhisfamous“tendoctrines”,thatis“ElevatingtheWorthy,ConformingtoSuperiors,All-embracingLove,CondemnationofAggression,ModerationinExpenditures,ModerationinFunerals,TheWillofHeaven,ExplainingtheSpirits,CondemnationofMusic,CondemnationofFate”,whileAll-embracingLove,throughoutthewholetheoryandpracticeactivities,isthecentralideainTenDoctrines,andalsothecoreofhiswholeideology.

Mohismopposestheoldpatriarchalsystem,againstthewarandconflictbetweencountrytocountry,peopletopeople,whobelievesallthemessoriginatedfrom“nolove”.Mozirealizesthatthereasoncausingtheturbulence（i.e.constantwarfare）duringthewarringstatesperiodisduetothefactthatpeopleonlylovethemselvesanddonotloveotherpeople.Thiscanbemoreorlessbeunderstoodas'selfishness'.Forthisreason,heproposed“all-embracinglove”.Thisformoflovenotonlymeansyouloveyourself,butyoualsoloveotherpeoplethesamewayasyouloveyourself.Thelovetoyourself,toyourfamilymembers,toyourfriends,tootherpeopleshouldbeequalandsame.Itishopethatifyoucanloveothersthesameasyouloveyourself,thenallformsofwarfarewouldstopandtheworldwouldexistinpeaceandharmony.The“all-embracinglove”isfurtherexpandedtoinclude"EqualExchangeandSharingofInterests”.Bythisverydoctrine,peoplewillviewothercountryasyourowncountry,otherinterestsasyourowninterests.Everyonebenefitsfromsuchexchange.Withoutconcretebenefit,theredoesnotexistthereallove.

2.2TheSocialBackgroundandtheMeaningof“UniversalFraternity”

Christianity“UniversalFraternity”alsocomesoutinsocialturbulencesperiod,fromEuropeanmedievalfeudalsocietytomoderncapitalismtransitionperiod.TheMedievalperiodwasviolentandbloodthirsty.Universalfraternityaimsathelpingpeopleconcentrateontherealhappiness,andconvertthecrazylovetogodtosecularlovetopeople.

Christianity“UniversalFraternity”includestwoaspects:

loveGodandloveyourneighborasyourself.JesusChristtaughtthat:

“‘LovetheLordyourGodwithallyourheartandwithallyoursoulandwithallyourmind.’Thisisthefirstandgreatestcommandment.Andthesecondislikeit:

‘Loveyourneighborasyourself.’AlltheLawandtheProphetshangonthesetwocommandments.”（Mathew22:

37-22:

40）LovegodandLoveyourneighborasyourselfarehighlygeneralizationandsummarizationoftheChristdoctrine,whichbecomethecorecontentof“UniversalFraternity”spirit,makingChristianityas“lovereligion.”“LoveGod”consistsoftwoparts:

oneistofollowthewillofgod,oneistoseverhiscountry.“Loveyourneighborasyourself”stressesanequalandunconditionalloveforothers,evenincludinghisenemies,whilelovingothersformsonthebasisoflovinggod.

3.TheSimilaritiesbetween“All-embracingLove”and“UniversalFraternity”

3.1TheSimilarThoughtOriginationbetween“All-embracingLove”and“UniversalFraternity”

Mozisaid:

"Allstatesintheworld,largeorsmall,arecitiesofHeaven,andallpeople,youngorold,honorableorhumble,areitssubjects"（Onthenecessityofstandards）.Mozifindsthenatureofheavenisfairandequal,theheavenlovesallthepeopleequallywithoutfavoritismandselfishness.Lovingallpeoplenomattercloseoralienated,richor