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雅思阅读表格填空题讲解WhatDoWhalesFeel
雅思阅读表格填空题讲解：
WhatDoWhalesFeel
雅思阅读表格填空题讲解--WhatDoWhalesFeel?
WhatDoWhalesFeel?
Someofthesensesthatweandotherterrestrialmammalstakeforgranted
areeitherreducedorabsentincetaceansorfailtofunctionwellinwater.For
e_ample,itappearsfromtheirbrainstructurethattoothedspeciesareunable
tosmell.Baleenspecies,ontheotherhand,appeartohavesomerelatedbrain
structuresbutitisnotknownwhetherthesearefunctional.Ithasbeen
speculatedthat,astheblowholesevolvedandmigratedtothetopofthehead,
theneuralpathwaysservingsenseofsmellmayhavebeennearlyallsacrificed.
Similarly,althoughatleastsomecetaceanshavetastebuds,thenervesserving
thesehavedegeneratedorarerudimentary.
Thesenseoftouchhassometimesbeendescribedasweaktoo,butthisview
isprobablymistaken.Trainersofcaptivedolphinsandsmallwhalesoftenremark
ontheiranimals’responsivenesstobeingtouchedorrubbed,andbothcaptive
andfree-rangingcetaceanindividualsofallspecies（particularlyadultsand
calves,ormembersofthesamesubgroup）appeartomakefrequentcontact.This
contactmayhelptomaintainorderwithinagroup,andstrokingortouchingare
partofthecourtshipritualinmostspecies.Theareaaroundtheblowholeis
alsoparticularlysensitiveandcaptiveanimalsoftenobjectstronglytobeing
touchedthere.
Thesenseofvisionisdevelopedtodifferentdegreesindifferentspecies.
Baleenspeciesstudiedatclosequartersunderwater–specificallyagreywhale
calfincaptivityforayear,andfree-rangingrightwhalesandhumpbackwhales
studiedandfilmedoffArgentinaandHawaii–haveobviouslytrackedobjects
withvisionunder-water,andtheycanapparentlyseemoderatelywellbothin
waterandinair.However,thepositionoftheeyessorestrictsthefieldof
visioninbaleenwhalesthattheyprobablydonothavestereoscopicvision.
Ontheotherhand,thepositionoftheeyesinmostdolphinsandporpoises
suggeststhattheyhavestereoscopicvisionforwardanddownward.Eyeposition
infreshwaterdolphins,whichoftenswimontheirsideorupsidedownwhile
feeding,suggeststhatwhatvisiontheyhaveisstereoscopicforwardandupward.
Bycomparison,thebottlenosedolphinhase_tremelykeenvisioninwater.
Judgingfromthewayitwatchesandtracksairborneflyingfish,itcan
apparentlyseefairlywellthroughtheair–waterinterfaceaswell.Andalthough
preliminarye_perimentalevidencesuggeststhattheirin-airvisionispoor,the
accuracywithwhichdolphinsleaphightotakesmallfishoutofatrainer’s
handprovidesanecdotalevidencetothecontrary.
Suchvariationcannodoubtbee_plainedwithreferencetothehabitatsin
whichindividualspecieshavedeveloped.Fore_ample,visionisobviouslymore
usefultospeciesinhabitingclearopenwatersthantothoselivinginturbid
riversandfloodedplains.TheSouthAmericanboutuandChinesebeiji,for
instance,appeartohaveverylimitedvision,andtheIndiansususareblind,
theireyesreducedtoslitsthatprobablyallowthemtosenseonlythedirection
andintensityoflight.
Althoughthesensesoftasteandsmellappeartohavedeteriorated,and
visioninwaterappearstobeuncertain,suchweaknessesaremorethan
compensatedforbycetaceans’well-developedacousticsense.Mostspeciesare
highlyvocal,althoughtheyvaryintherangeofsoundstheyproduce,andmany
forageforfoodusingecholocation.Largebaleenwhalesprimarilyusethelower
frequenciesandareoftenlimitedintheirrepertoire.Notablee_ceptionsare
thenearlysong-likechorusesofbowheadwhalesinsummerandthecomple_,
hauntingutterancesofthehumpbackwhales.Toothedspeciesingeneralemploy
moreofthefrequencyspectrum,andproduceawidervarietyofsounds,than
baleenspecies（thoughthespermwhaleapparentlyproducesamonotonousseries
ofhigh-energyclicksandlittleelse）.Someofthemorecomplicatedsoundsare
clearlycommunicative,althoughwhatroletheymayplayinthesociallifeand
‘culture’ofcetaceanshasbeenmorethesubjectofwildspeculationthanof
solidscience.
真题讲解:
长难句练习:
1.Trainersofcaptivedolphinsandsmallwhalesoftenremarkontheir
animalsresponsivenesstobeingtouchedorrubbed,andbothcaptiveand
freerangingcetaceanindividualsofallspecies（particularlyadultsandcalves,
ormembersofthesamesubgroup）
参考译文:
训练者捕获海豚和小鲸鱼经常评论它们的动物反映当被抚摸或是摩擦的时候,并且无论是捕获还是放养的所有种类的鲸类个体（尤其是成年鲸和幼仔,或是用一个子群中的成员）表现出频繁的接触.
2.Bycomparison,thebottlenosedolphinhase_tremelykeenvisionin
water.Fromthewayitwatchesandtracksairborneflyingfish,itcan
apparentlyseefairlywellthroughtheair-waterinterfaceaswell.
参考译文:
相反的是,宽吻海豚在水中视力就很敏锐,而从它观察及追踪空中飞鱼的方式来看,它在水天交界面的视力也相当好.
知识点:
现在分词做原因状语
1）主语要一致:
分词短语的逻辑主语与句子主语要一致
2）独立分词结构:
有时候分词的动作与谓语动作不是同一主语发出的,这时分词可以带上自己的逻辑主语,就形成了〝名词/代词+分词短语〞的结构,即所谓的独立分词结构.例如It
beingsoniceaday,wegooutforawalk.
3.Althoughthesensesoftasteandsmellappeartohavedeteriorated,and
visioninwaterappearstobeuncertain,suchweaknessesaremorethan
compensatedforbycetaceans’well-developedacousticsense.〞
参考译文:
尽管鲸鱼的味觉和嗅觉严重衰退,在水中的视觉又不那么确定,然而这些缺陷完全可以被他们那高度发达的听觉系统所弥补.
知识点:
morethan的用法
1.在口语当中,morethan通常表示〝极其;非常〞.
2.Morethan还有〝超出;超过〞的意思.
雅思阅读流程图填空题讲解--AChronicleofTimekeeping
AChronicleofTimekeeping
A
Accordingtoarchaeologicalevidence,atleast5,000yearsago,andlong
beforetheadventoftheRomanEmpire,theBabyloniansbegantomeasuretime,
introducingcalendarstoco-ordinatecommunalactivities,toplantheshipment
ofgoodsand,inparticular,toregulateplantingandharvesting.Theybased
theircalendarsonthreenaturalcycles:
thesolarday,markedbythesuccessive
periodsoflightanddarknessastheearthrotatesonitsa_is;thelunarmonth,
followingthephasesofthemoonasitorbitstheearth;andthesolaryear,
definedbythechangingseasonsthataccompanyourplanetsrevolutionaround
thesun.
B
Beforetheinventionofartificiallight,themoonhadgreatersocial
impact.And,forthoselivingneartheequatorinparticular,itswa_ingand
waningwasmoreconspicuousthanthepassingoftheseasons.Hence,the
calendarsthatweredevelopedatthelowerlatitudeswereinfluencedmorebythe
lunarcyclethanbythesolaryear.Inmorenorthernclimes,however,where
seasonalagriculturewaspracticed,thesolaryearbecamemorecrucial.Asthe
RomanEmpiree_pandednorthward,itorganiseditsactivitychartforthemost
partaroundthesolaryear.
C
CenturiesbeforetheRomanEmpire,theEgyptianshadformulatedamunicipal
calendarhaving_monthsof30days,withfivedaysaddedtoappro_imatethe
solaryear.Eachperiodoftendayswasmarkedbytheappearanceofspecial
groupsofstarscalleddecans.AttheriseofthestarSiriusjustbefore
sunrise,whichoccurredaroundtheall-importantannualfloodingoftheNile,_
decanscouldbeseenspanningtheheavens.ThecosmicsignificancetheEgyptians
placedinthe_decansledthemtodevelopasysteminwhicheachintervalof
darkness（andlater,eachintervalofdaylight）wasdividedintoadozenequal
parts.Theseperiodsbecameknownastemporalhoursbecausetheirduration
variedaccordingtothechanginglengthofdaysandnightswiththepassingof
theseasons.Summerhourswerelong,winteronesshort;onlyatthespringand
autumnequino_eswerethehoursofdaylightanddarknessequal.Temporalhours,
whichwerefirstadoptedbytheGreeksandthentheRomans,whodisseminated
themthroughEurope,remainedinuseformorethan2,500years.
D
Inordertotracktemporalhoursduringtheday,inventorscreated
sundials,whichindicatetimebythelengthordirectionofthesunsshadow.
Thesundialscounterpart,thewaterclock,wasdesignedtomeasuretemporal
hoursatnight.Oneofthefirstwaterclockswasabasinwithasmallholenear
thebottomthroughwhichthewaterdrippedout.Thefallingwaterleveldenoted
thepassinghourasitdippedbelowhourlinesinscribedontheinnersurface.
AlthoughthesedevicesperformedsatisfactorilyaroundtheMediterranean,they
couldnotalwaysbedependedoninthecloudyandoftenfreezingweatherof
northernEurope.
E
Theadventofthemechanicalclockmeantthatalthoughitcouldbeadjusted
tomaintaintemporalhours,itwasnaturallysuitedtokeepingequalones.With
these,however,arosethequestionofwhentobegincounting,andso,inthe
early_thcentury,anumberofsystemsevolved.Theschemesthatdividedthe
dayinto24equalpartsvariedaccordingtothestartofthecount:
Italian
hoursbeganatsunset,Babylonianhoursatsunrise,astronomicalhoursatmidday
andgreatclockhours,usedforsomelargepublicclocksinGermany,at
midnight.Eventuallytheseweresupersededbysmallclock,orFrench,hours,
whichsplitthedayintotwo_-hourperiodscommencingatmidnight.
F
Theearliestrecordedweight-drivenmechanicalclockwasbuiltin_83in
BedfordshireinEngland.Therevolutionaryaspectofthisnewtimekeeperwas
neitherthedescendingweightthatprovideditsmotiveforcenorthegearwheels
（whichhadbeenaroundforatleast1,300years）thattransferredthepower;it
wasthepartcalledtheescapement.Intheearly_00scametheinventionofthe
coiledspringorfuseswhichmaintainedconstantforcetothegearwheelsofthe
timekeeperdespitethechangingtensionofitsmainspring.Bythe_thcentury,
apendulumclockhadbeendevised,butthependulumswunginalargearcand
thuswasnotveryefficient.
G
Toaddress
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