0171《美国文学史及选读》复习思考题答案.docx

0171《美国文学史及选读》复习思考题答案.docx

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0171《美国文学史及选读》复习思考题答案

（0171）《美国文学史及选读》复习思考题答案

I.Writeouttheauthors’namesofthefollowingworks.（15）

BenjaminFranklinT.S.Eliot

JamesCooperWaltWhitman

JamesBaldwellErnestHemingway

JosephHellerJohnSteinbeck

WilliamFaulknerMarkTwain

WashingtonIrvingErnestHemingway

RobertFrostToniMorrison

RalphEllisonEugeneO’Neill

JohnSteinbeckAllanPoe

F.ScottFitzgeraldTennesseeWilliams

WashingtonIrvingRobertFrost

NathanielHawthorneHermanMelville

EugeneO’NeillMarkTwain

WilliamFaulknerRobertFrost

ArthurMillerJamesCooper

H.D.ThoreauHenryJames

WhitmanJackLondon

JackLondonO’Neill

II.Definethefollowingliteraryterms.（20）

Beatgeneration:

ThetermwascoinedbyJackKerouacin1948torefertoagroupofdisillusionedwritersfollowingWorldWarTwo.Later,thisliteraryandculturalmovementcontinuedintothe1960s.TheBeatGenerationmustnotbeconfusedwiththeLostGenerationofwriters.SpokesmenandrepresentativesoftheBeatGenerationwereJackKerouac,AllenGinsbergandothers.Theyrevoltedagainstan

Americathatwasmaterialistic,belligerentandfrustrating.Social,intellectualandsexualfreedomwasadvocated.Traditionalcultureandnormalsocialbehaviorwereattackedandviolated.Manyofthemweredrugaddictswearinglonghairanddirtyclothes.Theywerefondofslangsandjazz.MasterpiecescreatedbywritersofthisgroupincludeKerouac’sOntheRoadandGinsberg’sHowlandOtherPoems,whichwereregardedaspocketBiblesofthatgeneration.OtherprominentBeatsincludeWilliamS.Burroughs,LawrenceFerlinghetti,GregoryCorso,MichaelMcClure,andNealCassady.TheBeatGeneration,hadgreatlyinfluencedthecounterculturalmovementsofthe1960sandtheadolescentsandadultsinothercountries.InEngland,the“angryyoungmen”madeanechoandimitatedtheAmerican“beatnik.”

Protagonist:

theprincipalcharacterinaplayorstory;thecentralcharacterwhoservesasafocusforthework’sthemesandincidentsandastheprincipalrationaleforitsdevelopment;andonewhoisopposedtotheantagonist.InthebeginningofancientGreekdrama,therewereonlyachorusandoneactor—theleaderofthechorus.Thespisinventedthefirstactor.ThenAeschylusandSophoclesaddedthesecondandthirdactorstothetragedyrespectively.ThethreeactorswerenamesProtagonist,DeuteragonistandTritagonist.Indiscussionsofmodernliterature,theprotagonistissometimesreferredtoastheherooranti-hero.

Biography:

anaccountofaperson’slifewrittenbysomebodyelse,orbiographicalwritingasaformofliterature.

Novel:

Generallyspeaking,itisanimaginativeprosenarrativeofextendedlengthdealingwithfictionalcharactersandevents.Theconstituentelementsofanovelincludeplot,character,conflict,andsetting.Buttherecanbeexceptions.Somenovelsareshort.Somenovelsarenotfictional.Somenovelsareinverse.Andsomenovelsdonoteventellastory.Therehavebeenmanydebatesovertheappropriatelengthofanovel.Noestablishedlengthforanovelhasbeenagreedupon.Itisgenerallyheld,however,thatafull-lengthnovelislongerthananovellaorshortnovel,andashortnovelislongerthanashotstory.Anovelshouldbelongenoughsoastoappearinprintinanindependentvolume.Thegreatlengthofanovelmakesitpossibleforthecharactersandthemesinittobedevelopedmorefullyandsubtly.

Antihero:

amaincharacterinastory,novel,playorfilmwhobehavesinacompletelydifferentwayfromwhatpeopleexpectaherotodo.Anon-heroiswithoutthequalitiesandfeaturesofatraditionalorold-fashionedhero.Heisdoomedtofail.AntiheroesofearlydayswereDonQuixote,Macbeth,RipVanWinkle,andTristramShandy.ExamplesofantiheroesinmodernliteratureincludeLeopoldBloom,JimDixon,JimmyPorter,Herzog,andYassarian.

Freeverse:

aformofpoetrywithoutrhyme,meter,regularlinelength,andregularstanzaicstructure.Itdependsonnaturalspeechforrhythm.RobertFrostcompareditto“playingtenniswiththenetdown.”Thoughmuchsimplerandlessrestrictivethanconventionalpoetryandblankverse,freeversedoesnomean“formlessness.”T.S.Eliotoncesaidthat“noverseisfreeforthemanwhowantstodoagoodjob.”Thoughitsoriginisunknown,itwasattemptedbysuchearlypoetsasSurrey,Milton,Blake,andMacpherson.ItwasWhitmanwhodidthegreatestcontributiontothedevelopmentandpopularityoffreeverse.Whitmanfavoredthesimplicityandfreedomofexpression.Accordingtohim,“Theartofart,thegloryofexpressionandthesunshineoflightoflettersissimplicity.Notingisbetterthansimplicity.”

Drama:

aformofliteraturewrittenforactorstoperform.Adramaisdividedintoacts.Anactcanbesubdividedintoscenes.Theconstituentelementsofadramaincludedialogue,plot,characters,setting,stagedirection,andothers.Adramacanbeaslongasthreepartscalledtrilogy,orasshortasoneactonly.GreekdramaoriginatedinreligiousceremonialinhonorofDionysus.MedievaldramadevelopedoutofritescelebratingthelifeeventsofJesusChrist.DramatistsofgreatimportanceinliteraryhistoryincludeSophocles,Shakespeare,Ibsen,andShaw.InAmerica,thefirsimportantdramatistwasEugeneO’Neillwhowrotethefirstseriousplays.BeforeO’Neill,Americahadtheatre.StartingfromO’Neill,itbegantohavedrama.

Jazzage:

JazzisaformofdancemusicthatisderivedfromearlyAfro-Americanfolkmusic,ragtime,andNegroblues.Itismarkedwithexcitingrhythm,pronouncedsyncopation,andconstantimprovisation.Themusicalinstrumentsusedaremainlydrums,trumpets,andsaxophones.MajorcomposersofJazzmusicincludeIrvin

BerlinandW.C.Handy.ThetermJazzAgewasspecificallyemployedbyFitzgeraldtodenotethe1920s,whichwascharacterizedbythelossoftraditionalmoralstandards,indulgenceinromanticyearnings,andgreatsocialexcitement.AccordingtoMalcolmCowley,theJazzAgewas“alegendofglitter,ofrecklessness,andoftalentinsuchprofusionthatitwassownbroadcastlikewildoats.”F.ScottFitzgerald’sTalesoftheJazzAge,likeMarkTwain’sTheGildedAge,wasanepoch-makingwork.

Autobiography:

astoryawriterwritesabouthisorherownlifeexperiences.Itisnarratedfromthefirst-personpointofview.ThetermwasprobablyfirstusedbySouthey.ButthefirstimportantautobiographywasConfessionswrittenbyAugustineofHippo.OtherexamplesincludeFranklin’sAutobiography,Adams’sTheEducationofHenryAdams,JohnStuartMill’sAutobiography,Carlyle’sReminiscences,HenryDavidThoreau’sWalden,andsoon.Sometimes,anautobiographycanbefictionalized.AnexampleofthiskindisRousseau’sConfessions.Somenovelsandlongpoemsareusedforautobiography.Joyce’sAPortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan,Whitman’s“SongofMyself”andWordsworth’sThePreludefallinthiscategory.Dickens’sDavidCopperfield,Lawrence’sSonsandLoversandO’Neill’sLongDay’sJourneyintoNighthavestrongautobiographicalelementsinthem.

Blankverse:

poetrythatdoesnotrhymebuthasiambicpentameterlines.ThoughnotoriginatedinEnglandorAmerica,ithasbeenthemostimportantandmostwidelyusedEnglishverseform.BlankverseispopularbecauseitisclosesttotherhythmofdailyEnglishspeech.ThusmostEnglishpoemswhicharedramatic,reflectiveornarrativeareintheformofblankverse.ThisversewasprobablyfirstusedinEnglandbySurreywhotranslatedAeneid,bySackvilleandNortonwhocomposedGorboduc.ItwasdevelopedandperfectedbyMarlowe,ShakespeareandMilton.Inthe18thcentury,mostpoetsfavoredheroiccouplets.ButYoungandThomsonwereabletowriteinthetraditionofblankverse.The19thcenturysawarenewedinterestinthispoeticform.MastersofblankverseincludedWordsworth,ColeridgeandBryant.ThefactthatblankverseisstillpracticedbywriterslikeT.S.Eliot,Yeats,FrostandStevensshowshowinfluentialandfavorableitreallyis.

Blackhumor:

atermfrequentlyusedinmodernliterarycriticism.Itissometimescalled‘blackcomedy’or‘tragicfarce.’Itishumororlaughterresultingfromgreatpain,despair,horrorandtheabsurdityofhumanexistence.Blackhumorisacommonqualityofmodernanti-novelsandanti-dramas.ExamplesareFranzKafka’sstorieslike“Metamorphosis”,“TheCastle”and“TheTrial”,JosephHeller’snovelCatch-22andAlbee’sTheZooStory.OtherwriterswhodidmuchcontributiontothepopularityofblackhumorwereBeckett,Camus,Ionesco,Vonnegut,Pynchonandsoon.

Headrhyme:

theuseinverseorproseofseveralwordsclosetogetherwhichallbeginwiththesameletter.Itisdoneforspecialmusicaleffectcomparabletotheeffectsofendrhyme.Inmostcases,alliterationistherepetitionofidenticalinitialconsonantsounds.ExamplesarePope’s“Forfoolsrushinwhereangelsfeartotread,”Poe’s“Theweary,waywornwandererbore,”andColeridge’s“Fivemilesmeanderingwithamazymotion.”Alliterationofinitialvowelsisquitelimitedinnumber.Anexampleofvowelalliterationis“Itisimpossibletoenjoyidlingthoroughlyunlessonehasplentyofworktodo.”

SurpriseEnding:

Alsocalled“O.Henryending,”itisacompletelyunexpectedturnorrevelationofeventsattheconclusionofastoryorplay.Anexampleis“TheNecklace”byGuydeMaupassant.AnotherinstanceisO.Henry’sstory“TheGiftoftheMagi.”

III.Givebriefanswerstothefollowingquestions.（15）

1.WhoisthefatherofAmericanliterature?

（Consultyourbook）

2.WhoisthefatherofAmericanpoetry?

（Consultyourbook）

3.WhatisPoe’stheoryconcerningpoetry?

（Consultyourboo