自考英美文学选读美国文史00604.docx

自考英美文学选读美国文史00604.docx

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自考英美文学选读美国文史00604

自考英美文学选读2

（美国文史）

（00604）

英语语言文学专业

美国浪漫主义时期2

美国现实主义时期7

美国现代时期11

PARTTWO:

AMERICANLITERATURE

美国浪漫主义时期

1.主要作家及其作品：

i.WashingtonIrving:

TheSketchBook;RipVanWinkle;

TheLegendofSleepyHollow

ii.RalphWaldoEmerson:

Essays;TheAmericanScholar;Self-Reliance;

TheOver-Soul;ThePoet;Experience;Nature

iii.NathanielHawthorne:

MossesfromanOldManse;TheScarletLetter;

TheSnow-ImageandOtherTwice-ToldTales;

TheHouseoftheSevenGables;

TheBlithedaleRomance;

TheMarbleFaun

iv.WaltWhitman:

LeavesofGrass;TherewasaChildWentForth;

DrumTaps;CavalryCrossingaFord;SongofMyself;

WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom’d

v.HermanMelville:

Moby-Dick;BillyBudd;Typee;Omoo;Mardi;Redburn;WhiteJacket.

2.清教主义

PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.Astheworditselfhints，Puritanswantedtopurifytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.TheyfeltthattheChurchofEnglandwastooclosetotheChurchofRomeindoctrineformofworship，andorganizationofauthority.AmericanPuritans，liketheirbrothersbackinEngland，wereidealists，believingthatthechurchshouldberestoredtocomplete"purity".Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination，originalsinandtotaldepravity，andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod.ButinthegrimstruggleforsurvivalthatfollowedimmediatelyaftertheirarrivalinAmerica，theybecamemoreandmorepractical，asindeedtheyhadtobe.Puritanswerenotedforaspiritofmoralandreligiousearnestnessthatdeterminatedtheirwholewayoflife.Asacultureheritage，PuritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmindandAmericanvalues.AmericanPuritanismalsohadaconspicuouslynoticeableandanenduringinfluenceonAmericanliterature.Ithadbecome，tosomeextent，somuchastateofmind，somuchapartofthenationalculturalatmosphere，ratherthanasetoftenets.

3.超验主义

Transcendentalismhasbeendefinedphilosophical1yas"therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively，orofattainingknowledgetranscendingthereachofthesenses."Emersononceproclaimedinaspeech，"Nothingisatlastsacredbuttheintegrityofyourownmind."OtherconceptsthataccompaniedTranscendentalisminc1udetheideathatnatureisennoblingandtheideathattheindividualisdivineand，therefore，self-re1iant.Thetranscendentalistsreactedagainstthecold，rigidrationalismofUnitarianisminBoston.Theyadheredtoanidealisticsystemofthoughtbasedonabeliefintheessentialunityofallcreation，theinnategoodnessofman，andthesupremacyofinsightoverlogicandexperiencefortherevelationofthedeepesttruths.

4.象征主义

5.自由诗

Whitmanisalsoradicallyinnovativeintermsoftheformofhispoetry.Headopted"freeverse，"thatis，poetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.Alooserandmoreopen-endedsyntacticalstructureisfrequentlyfavored.Linesandsentencesofdifferentlengthsareleftlyingsidebysidejustasthingsare，undisturbedandseparate.Therearefewcompoundsentencestodrawobjectsandexperiencesintoasystemofhierarchy.WhitmanwasthefirstAmericantousefreeverseextensively.Bymeansof"freeverse，"Whitmanturnedthepoemintoanopenfield，anareaofvitalpossibilitywherethereadercanallowhisownimaginationtoplay.

6.爱默生的超验主义思想及他的自然观

Inhisessays,Emersonputforwardhisphilosophyoftheover-soul,theimportanceoftheIndividual,andNature.EmersonrejectedboththeformalreligionofthechurchesandtheDeisticphilosophy.EmersonandotherTranscendentalistsbelievedthatthereshouldbeanemotionalcommunicationbetweenanindividualsoulandtheuniversal“over-soul,”sincetheover-soulisanall-pervadingpowerfromwhichallthingscomefromandofwhichallareapart.Emersonisaffirmativeaboutman’sintuitiveknowledge,withwhichamancantrusthimselftodecidewhatisrightandtoactaccordingly.Theidealindividualshouldbeaself-reliantman..hemeanstoconvincepeoplethatthepossibilitiesformantodevelopandimprovehimselfareinfinite.

Emerson’snatureisemblematicofthespiritualworld,alivewithGod’soverwhelmingpresence;hence,itexercisesahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonhumanmind.“Godbacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyou’llbecomespirituallywholeagain.”ByemployingnatureasabigsymboloftheSpirit,orGod,ortheover-soul.EmersonhasbroughtthePuritanLegacyofsymbolismtoitsperfection.

7.《小伙子布朗》中的寓言和象征

In“YoungGoodmanBrown,”Hawthornesetouttoprovethateveryonepossessessomeevilsecret.ThestoryillustratesHawthorne'sallegoricalthemeofhumanevil.Inthemannerofitsconcernwithguiltandevil，itexemplifieswhatMilvillecalledthe"powerofblackness"inHawthorne'swork.In"YoungGoodmanBrown，"hesetsouttoprovethateveryonepossessessomeevilsecret."Evilisthenatureofmankind."Itshero，anaiveyoungmanwhoacceptsbothsocietyingeneralandhisfellowmenasindividualsworthhisregard，isconfrontedwiththevisionofhumanevilinoneterriblenight，andbecomesthereafterdistrustfulanddoubtful.

Allegorically，ourprotagonist，becomesanEverymannamedBrown，a"youngman"whowillbeagedinonenightbyanadventurethatmakeseveryoneinthisworldafallenidol.

However,ThestoryismanipulatedinsuchawaythatweasreadersfeelthatHawthorneposesthequestionofGoodandEvilinmanbutwithholdshisanswer，andhedoesnotpermithimselftodeterminewhethertheeventsofthenightoftrialarerealorthemerefigmentofadream.

8.霍桑的清教思想和他人性本恶的观点

Aswecansee,Hawthorne’sliteraryworldturnsouttobeamostdisturbed,tormentedandproblematicalonepossibletoimagine.Thishasmuchtodowithhis“black”visionoflifeandhumanbeings.AccordingtoHawthorne,“Thereisevilineveryhumanheart,whichmayremainlatent,perhaps,throughthewholelife;butcircumstancesmayrouseittoactivity.OnesourceofevilthatHawthorneisconcernedmostisoverreachingintellect,whichusuallyreferstosomeonewhoistooproud,toosureofhimself.Hebelievedthat“thewrongdoingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveones,”andoftenwonderedifhemighthaveinheritedsomeoftheirguilt.Thissensibilityledtohisunderstandingofevilbeingattheverycoreofhumanlife.,whichistypicaloftheCalvinisticbeliefthathumanbeingsarebasicallydepravedandcorrupted,hence,theyshouldobeyGodtoatonefortheirsins.

9.麦尔维尔长篇小说《白鲸》的象征意义

Moby-Dickisnotmerelyawhalingtaleorseaadventure，itisalsoasymbolicvoyageofthemindinquestofthetruthandknowledgeoftheuniverse，aspiritualexplorationintoman'sdeeprealityandpsychology.

　　LikeHawthorne，Melvilleisamasterofallegoryandsymbolism.HeusesallegoryandsymbolisminMoby-Dicktopresentitsmightytheme.InsteadofputtingthebattlebetweenAhabandthebigwhaleintosimplestatements，heusedsymbols，thatis，objectsorpersonswhorepresentsomethingelse.Differentpeopleonboardtheshiparerepresentationsofdifferentideasanddifferentsocialandethnicgroups；factsbecomesymbolsandincidentsacquireuniversalmeanings；thePequodisthemicrocosmofhumansocietyandthevoyagebecomesasearchfortruth.Thewhitewhale，MobyDick，symbolizesnatureforMelville，foritiscomplex，unfathomable，malignant，andbeautifulaswell.ForthecharacterAhab，however，thewhalerepresentsonlyevil.MobyDickislikeawall，hidingsomeunknown，mysteriousthingsbehind.AhabwillsthewholecrewonthePequodtojoinhiminthepursuitofthebigwhalesoastopiercethewall，torootouttheevil，butonlytobedestroyedbyevil，inthiscase，byhisownconsumingdesire，hismadness.Fortheauthor，aswellasforthereaderandIshmael，thenarrator，MobyDickisstillamystery，anultimatemysteryoftheuniverse，inscrutableandambivalent，andthevoyageofthemindwillforeverremainasearch，notadiscovery，ofthetruth.

10.惠特曼《草叶集》的结构（自由诗）、主题、语言特色

1.ThethemesinWhitman'spoetry：

Hispoetryisfilledwithoptimisticexpectationandenthusiasmaboutnewthingsandnewepoch.Whitmanbelievedthatpoetrycouldplayavita1partintheprocessofcreatinganewnation.Itcouldenab1eAmericanstocelebratetheirreleasefromtheOldWorldandthecolonia1rule.Anditcouldalsohelpthemunderstandtheirnewstatusandtodefinethemse1vesinthenewwor1dofpossibi1ities.Hence，theabundanceofthemesinhispoetryvoicesfreshness.Heshowsconcernforthewholehard-workingpeopleandtheburgeoninglifeofcities.Pursuitofloveandhappinessisapprovedofrepeatedlyandaffectionatelyinhislines.Sexual1ove，arathertabootopicofthetime，isdisplayedcandidlyassomethingadorable.Theindividualpersonandhisdesiresmustberespected.

　　2.LeavesofGrass

　　WaltWhitmanisapoetwithastrongsenseofmission，havingdevotedallhislifetothecreationofthe"single"poem，LeavesofGrass.

（1）thetitle：

ItissignificantthatWhitmanentitledhisbookLeavesofGrass.Hesaidthatwherethereisearth，wherethereiswater，thereisgrass.Grass，themostcommonthingwiththegreatestvitality，isanimageofthepoethimself，asymbolofthethenrisingAmericannationandanembodimentofhisidealsaboutdemocracyandfreedom.

　　（a）theme：

　　Inthisgiantwork，openness，freedom，andaboveall，individua1ism（thebeliefthattherightsandfreedomofindividualpeoplearemostimportant）areallthatconcernedhim.Whitmanbringsthehard-workingfarmersandlaborersintoAmericanliterature，attacktheslaverysystemandracialdiscrimination.Inthisbookhealsoextolsnatur