高中课本中出现的生物史Biological history in high school textbooks.docx

高中课本中出现的生物史Biological history in high school textbooks.docx

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高中课本中出现的生物史Biologicalhistoryinhighschooltextbooks

高中课本中出现的生物史（Biologicalhistoryinhighschooltextbooks）

Prerequisiteone:

theestablishmentofcelltheoryinvolvesseveralimportantscientists

1.Hooke:

English,celldiscoverer,andnamemaker.In1665,heobservedplantcorktissueusingamicroscope,thatconsistsofmanyrulesofthechamber,andthe"Chamber"calledcell-cell.

2Leeuwenhoek:

Dutch,heusedaself-mademicroscopetoobserve,redcellsandanimalspermaredescribedaccurately.

3,1830s,theGermanbotanistSchleiden（M.J.Sehleiden,18o41881）andzoologistSchwann（T.Schwann,1810-1882）putforwardthetheoryofcell,cellisthebasicunitofallanimalsthatplantstructure.

4,Vilshaw（R.L.C.Virchow）:

German,hesummeduponthebasisofpreviousresearch,"cellsproducenewcellsthroughdivision."".

Scientistsinvolvedinbiofilmflowmosaicmodels

5,Ovenden（E.Overton）:

hehadthepermeabilityof500kindsofchemicalsubstancesinplantcellstotensofthousandsoftestsin1895,foundthatthecellmembraneisnotthesamefordifferentmaterialpermeability:

anythingthatcandissolveinthelipidmaterial,isnotsolubleinlipidsubstancesmoreeasilythroughthecellmembraneintothecell.Soheputforwardthehypothesisthatthemembraneiscomposedoflipids.

6,Robertson（J.D.Robertson）:

in1959hesawthemembranecleardarkbrightdarkthreelayerstructureintheelectronmicroscope,combinedwithotherscientistswork,putforwardthebiofilmstructure"unitmembranemodel.

7,Sanger（S.,J.,Singer）andNickerson:

Basedonthe"unitmembrane"model,aflowmosaicmodelisproposed".Emphasisisplacedonthefluidityofmembranesandtheasymmetryofmembraneproteindistribution.Acceptedbymostpeople

Ascientistconcernedwiththediscoveryofenzymes

8,sparlandZagreb,Italianphysiologist.In1783,hedemonstratedthatgastricjuicehasachemicaldigestivefunction.

Pasteur:

Frenchmicrobiologist,chemist,putinfermentedwineisduetotheexistenceofyeast,nolivingcellsinvolved,carbohydratesareunlikelytobecomealcohol.

9:

Germanchemistliebig.Anysubstancefoundinyeastcellsthatcausesfermentation,butthesesubstancescanonlyfunctionwhenyeastcellsdieandlyse.

10Buchner:

Germanchemist.Heobtainedtheextractcontainingenzymesfromyeastcellsandsuccessfullyfermentedalcoholwiththisextract.

11Sumner:

Americanchemist.In1926,heextractedthecrystallizationofureasefrombeanseedsandprovedureasetobeaproteininavarietyofways.WontheNobelprizeforchemistryin1946.

12and1980s,AmericanscientistsCechandAltmanfoundthatasmallnumberofRNAalsohavebiologicalcatalysis.

Scientistsinvolvedinthediscoveryofphotosynthesis

In13and1771,BritishscientistPriestleyfoundthatplantscouldrefreshtheairthroughexperiments.

In14and1864,Sax,aGermanscientist,provedthatphotosynthesisproducedstarch.

In15and1880,Engelmann,anAmericanscientist,demonstratedthatchloroplastsarethesiteofphotosynthesisinplants.

In16andtwentiethCentury30s,AmericanscientistsLubin（S.Ruben）andCarmen（M.Kamen）usedisotopelabelingtodemonstratethatalloxygenreleasedfromphotosynthesiscomesfromwater.

17,Calvin（M.Calvin,1911~）:

American,biochemist,plantphysiologist.In1940s,heandcollaboratorsbeganusingradioactiveisotopelabelingmethodofphotosynthesis,after9yearsofresearchaboutthefinalprovenCO2inthewayoforganiccarbonintocarboninphotosynthesis,thiswayiscalledtheCalvincycle.

Requiredtwo:

scientistsingenetics

18:

Mendel:

Austrian,founderofgenetics.Heconductedthepeahybridexperimentfor8years,anddiscoveredthelawsofbiologicalinheritancebyanalyzingtheresultsofexperiments.In1866,hepublishedhisbook"planthybridizationexperiments",whichproposedtheseparationlawofgenetics,thelawoffreecombinationandthetheoryofgeneticfactors.

19Johnson:

Danish,botanist.In1909,herenamedMendel'sgeneticfactor"gene"andputforwardtheconceptofphenotypeandgenotype.

20Weismann:

Germanzoologist.Hepredictedameioticprocessinspermandeggmaturation,whichwaslaterconfirmedbymicroscopicobservationsbyotherscientists..

21,Sutton:

American,cellscientist.In1903,hefoundinthestudyofseparationandmeioticgeneticfactorhypothesisofMendelsplitinhomologouschromosomesareverysimilar,andthusputsforwardageneticfactor（gene）locatedonchromosometheory.

22,Morgan:

Americangeneticist,embryologist.Hedidalotofexperimentswithfruitflies,anddiscoveredthelawsoflinkagebetweengenes,whicharecalledthethirdlawsofgenetics.Healsodemonstratedthatgeneswerearrangedlinearlyonchromosomes,layingthefoundationformoderngenetics.

23andeighteenthCentury,thefamousBritishchemistandphysicistDalton,firstfoundcolorblindness,butalsothefirstdiscoveredcolorblindnesspatients.

1）DNAisthemajorgeneticmaterial

24and1928,theBritishscientistGriffith（F.Grifith,1877-1941）,throughexperimentstoinferthatthealreadykilledSbacteriacontainssomekindof"transformingfactor",sothattypeRbacteriaintotypeSbacteria.

In25and1944,AmericanscientistAvery（O.Avery,1877-1955）andhiscolleaguesdemonstratedthattheconversionfactorwasDNA,thatistosay,DNAisageneticsubstance.

In26and1952,Hershey（A.Hershey）andZeiss（M.Chase）,throughphageinfectionexperiments,showedthatinphage,thecontinuoussubstancebetweenparentsandoffspringisDNA,notprotein.

2）thestructureandreplicationofDNAmolecules

In27and1953,AmericanscientistWatsonandBritishscientistCrickproposedthedoublehelixstructuremodelofDNAmolecule.

In1957Crickputforwardthecentraldogma

28,MatthewandMatthewsuccessfullydecipheredthefirstgeneticcode.

Breeding:

29,YuanLongping,heisthefounderofChinesehybridriceresearch,theworld'sfirstsuccessfuluseofriceheterosis,knownasthefatherofhybridrice".

Evolution:

30,Lamarck（J.B.Lamark,1744~1829）:

Frenchnaturalist,pioneerofevolution.Thetheoryofbiologicalevolutionwasfirstproposed,suggestingthatorganismsareevolving,andthatbiologicalevolutionisduetoinheritance,inheritance,andinheritance.

31,Darwin（C.R.Darwin,1809~1882）:

Britishnaturalist,isthefounderofthetheoryofevolution.In1859,hepublishedthescientificmasterpiece"theoriginofspecies",whichfullydemonstratedtheevolutionofbiology,andexplicitlyproposedthetheoryofnaturalselectiontoexplaintheevolutionarymechanism.Hisinfluenceofevolutionwasfarbeyondthescopeofbiology,whichbroughtafatalblowtocreationismandthetheoryofspeciesinvariance,andprovidedapowerfulweaponforthedialecticalmaterialistoutlookontheworld.

Requiredthree:

Internalenvironmentandhomeostasis

32,Bernard（C.Bernard,1813~1878）:

French,in1857,heproposedtheconceptof"internalenvironment",andspeculatedthattheconstantinternalenvironment,mainlydependentontheregulationofthenervoussystem.

33,Buchanan（W.B.Cannon,1871~1945）:

Americanphysiologist.In1926,heproposedtheconceptof"steadystate",andputsforwardtheclassicalinterpretationmechanismtomaintainsteadystate:

homeostasisisacommonregulatorymechanismonneuralregulationandhumoral,andthroughthebodyinvariousorgansandsystemsdivision,unifiedcoordination.

34,itisgenerallyacceptedthatthenerve,humoral,immuneregulationnetworkisthemainregulatingmechanismfortheorganismtomaintainhomeostasis

Regulationofanimalhormones

35:

Votema:

Frenchphysiologist.Hefoundthroughexperiments,thedogtotheupperintestinenerve,leavingonlythebloodvessels,injectedintothesmallintestinewithdilutehydrochloricacid,canpromotepancreaticsecretion.Buthewasconfinedtoconclusions,

Thisisbecausethetinynerveinthesmallintestineisdifficulttoclean.

36,Dr.Lin:

English,physiologist.In1902,heandBaylessdiscoveredthesecretinmaterialpromptedpancreaticsecretionoffluidfromtheintestinalmucosa.In1905,theyputforwardthenamehormoneandputforwardtheconceptthathormonesplaytheroleofchemicalmessengersintheblood.

37:

Bayless:

English,physiologist.In1902,heandStalindiscoveredthesecretinmaterialpromptedpancreaticsecretionoffluidfromtheintestinalmucosa.In1905,theyputforwardthenamehormoneandputforwardtheconceptthathormonesplaytheroleofchemicalmessengersintheblood.

38:

Pavlov:

Russianphysiologist,founderofmoderndigestivephysiology.1891beganthestudyofdigestivephysiology,in"Haydenhinesmallstomach"basis,hemadethereservationtheinnervationofthe"Pavlovlittlestomach",andcreatedaseriesofmethodsofexperimentalchronicdigestivephysiology,revealssomebasicrulesofdigestivesystemactivities.Tothisend,hewasawardedtheNobelprizeforphysiologyormedicinein1904.IntheearlytwentiethCentury,hisresearchshiftedtohigherneurologicalactivityandestablishedthetheoryofconditionedreflex.

Thediscoveryprocessofauxin

In39and1880,Darwinexperimentallyconcludedthatthetipofthecoleoptilemayproduceasubstancethat,undertheactionofsinglelight,hasaninfluenceonthepartbelowthecoleoptile.

40,Jansen（B.Jensen）:

Danish,plantphysiologist.In1910,heprovedthroughexperimentsthatthestimulationproducedbythetopofthecoleoptilecanpasstothelowerpartthroughagar.

41,Bayer（Paal）:

Hungarian,plantphysiologist.In1914,heprovedthroughexperimentsthatthegrowthofcoleoptilewascausedbyunevendistributionofthestimuliproducedbythetip.

42,Winter（F.W.Went,1903~）:

DutchAmerican,plant