高考英语争分夺秒15天10定语从句.docx
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高考英语争分夺秒15天10定语从句
2019高考英语争分夺秒15天:
10.定语从句
第一部分:
基础知识
〔一〕、定语从句概述
定语可以由形容词,代词,数词,名词,不定式,介词短语来充当。
如果是一个句子担任定语,那么这个句子就叫做定语从句,又可称为形容词性从句。
定语从句通常修饰某一名词或代词,被定语从句修饰的这一名词或代词叫先行词,它位于定语从句之前,定语从句在先行词后面,应尽量紧跟先行词。
定语从句的作用即在于对先行词进行限定说明或补充说明。
〔二〕、定语从句的引导词。
定语从句的引导词分为两类,关系代词〔that,which,who,whom,whose〕和关系副词〔when,where,why〕,引导词在先行词和定语从句之间,既起连接作用,即连接先行词和定语从句,更重要的是,它又在定语从句中作一个成分。
〔三〕、关系代词
1.that指人,物,在从句中作主语,宾语,表语。
HeisthesingerthatImetyesterday.
2.which指物,在从句中作主语,宾语,在非限定定语从句中充当定语,或者代替前句
Thefilmwhichwesawlastnightwasmoving.
3.who指人,在从句中作主语,宾语。
ThemanwhoyoujusttalkedtoisTom.
4.whom指人,在从句中作宾语。
Thatistheprofessorwhomyouwanttoknow.
5.whose指人,物,在从句中作定语,相当于先行词+’s,后接一名词。
Iknowtheboywhoseparentsaredead.
【注】:
关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。
〔四〕、关系副词
关系副词在从句中作状语,有时相当于介词+which,其中which指代先行词不可以指示整个句子。
1,when指时间,在从句中作时间状语,相当于at/on/in/duringwhich.
I’llneverforgetthedaywhen(onwhich)IreachedthetopoftheHuangshanMountain.
2,where指地点,在从句中作地点状语,相当于at/in/to/which.
Thisistheschoolwhere(atwhich)Istudied.
3,why指原因,在从句中作原因状语,相当于forwhich.
That’stherealreasonwhy(forwhich)hewaslate.
第二部分:
关系代词的特殊用法
〔一〕关系代词指物时,用that而不用which的情况:
1,先行词为something,anything,nothing,everything以及all,much,little,alot,
none,few等不定代词时。
MymotherwassoproudofallthatIdid
2,先行词有thelast,thevery,theonly以及all,much,few,no,any,little等修饰时。
ThisistheverybookthatI’mlookingfor.
3,先行词为序数词、形容词最高级(或所修饰)时。
ThisisthemostexcitingfilmthatI’veeverseen.
.
4,thesame修饰先行词时,定语从句要用that或as引导,但意义不同。
ThisisthesamewatchasIlostlastSunday.(表示相同但并非同一)
ThisisthesameknifethatIusedyesterday.(表示就是那个)
5,先行词既有人又有物时,只能用that。
DoyourememberthebookanditsauthorthatappearedonTVlastSunday
6,Therebe后面的定语从句多用that引导,不用which。
There’saseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.
7,句子前面出现了who,which时,后面的定语从句用that引导。
Theybuiltafactorywhichmadesomenewproductsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.
Whoisthemanthatyouweretalkingaboutjustnow?
8,关系代词在定语从句作表语时,常用that,而不用which、who。
Myhometownisnotthesmallvillagethatitwas10yearsago.
Tomisn’tthemanthatheusedtobe
(二)关系代词指人时,有时只用who,而不用that。
1,先行词为指人的代词one,those,theman,以及人称代词如he等。
Thosewhoareoftenlateforschoolshouldbepunished.
Hewhodoesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.
2,先行词为someone(somebody),noone(nobody),anyone(anybody),everyone(everybody)。
Anyonewhowouldliketoattendthepartyshouldcomeontime.
3,先行词指人时,如有序数词,最高级,thevery,theonly,thelast等修饰,定语
从句既可用that也可用who引导。
Heisthefirststudentwho/thatworkedouttheproblem.
(三)关系代词whose的用法:
1,whose在从句中作定语,表示“先行词的…”,既可指人,也可指物。
Johnismybestfriend,whosefatherisascientist.
Theoldmanlivedinthehousewhosewindowwasbroken.
2,whose可以转换为ofwhich〔物〕和ofwhom〔人〕。
1)Thedictionarywhosecoverismissingismine.
(划线部分可改为thecoverofwhich或ofwhichthecover)
2)TheyalsoinvitedMrWang,whosecarwasstolenlastSunday.
(划线部分可改为thecarofwhom或ofwhomthecar)
(四)which的特殊用法:
1,关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句,有时不是修饰某个先行词,而是指代主句的全部或部分内容。
特别注意,非限定定语从句中prep+which时,which只能指代先行词,不可以指代句子。
1〕Helenoftencamelate,whichmadetheclassteacherangry.
2,which有时可在定语从句中作定语,含义上相当于指示代词this/that。
1)HestayedinEnglandfor5years,duringwhichtimehelearnedEnglishwell.
2)Itmayrainhardtomorrow,inwhichcaseIwon’tgofishing.
【注】:
which的这种用法与whose作定语不同。
whose表示“先行词的…”。
They’retalkingaboutafilm,whosenameIhaveforgotten.
3,以介词结尾的动词不定式作定语时,可借关系代词which把介词前置。
1〕TomorrowwouldbeChristmasDay,andshehadonly$1.87withwhichtobuyJimapresent.
2〕Thosepoorpeoplehadnohousestolivein/inwhichtolive.
【注】如果先行词指人,关系代词用whom。
IwanttofindapersontotraveltoEnglandwith/withwhomtotraveltoEngland.
(五)关系代词as的用法:
1.引导限制性定语从句:
当先行词有such,so,thesame等修饰时,关系代词要用as;as在从句中可作主语,宾语和表语。
1).Ihaveneverseensuchakindgirlassheis.
2).Heissuchagoodteacher(sogoodateacher)aseverystudentrespects.
比较:
Heissuchagoodteacher(sogoodateacher)thateverystudentrespectshim.(此句为such/so…that引导的结果状语从句)
3).Suchastudentasoftenstudieshardissuretopassthisexam.
4).HeboughtthesamebikeasIdidlastweek.区别thatIdidlastweek
2.引导非限制性定语从句:
as不修饰某个先行词,而是指代主句的全部或部分内容,可译为“这一点,此事;正如”,或不译。
这种从句可位于句首、句中或句尾。
常见于
asweallknow,ashasbeensaidabove,asisusual,asisoftenthecase,
aseverybodycansee,asisknowntousall等结构。
1).Hehaspassedtheexam,asisapleasuretous.
2).Asweallknow,theearthmovesaroundthesun.
3).Thisexperiment,asyouhadexpected,succeededatlast.
3.,如前所述,which也可引导这种从句,两者常可互换。
(非限定性定语从句谓语句末且指代前面的主句)
1〕Thosetwostudentsarewearingthesameclothes,which/asisveryinteresting.
2〕Theycametothepartyontime,as/whichhadbeenexpected.
但在以下两种情况下有区别:
1).as从句可位于句首(或主句前),而which从句只能在主句后。
Asisoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.
2).关系代词作主语时,如果从句的谓语是及物动词+宾语的结构,那么只能用which。
Hisfatherdiedinatrafficaccident,whichmadeusgreatlysurprised.
3〕当which在从句中指代的是先行词而不是主句,只能用which
Thecar,whichwesawontheplayground,isMike’s.
4〕“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时,只能用which。
RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,thepriceofwhich
wasveryreasonable.
5〕当后置的非限定性定语从句是否定结构时只能用which引导。
Heresultoftheexperimentwasverygood,whichwehadn'texpected
6〕“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时,只能用which。
RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,thepriceofwhichwasveryreasonable.
第三部分:
关系副词的特殊用法
〔一〕关系副词when,where,why的用法:
1.关系代词(which/that)与关系副词(when,where,why)的选取方法:
A)当先行词是定语从句中的主语或宾语时,选用关系代词。
关系代词指代先行词,并代替先行词在从句中作主语或宾语。
B)如果先行词不是定语从句中的主语或宾语,先行词前面需要加上一个介词才能在从句中作成分的时候,选用关系副词。
关系副词在从句中作状语,常可转换为“介词+which”。
1)Doyourememberthedaywhich/thatwespentinthemountainvillage?
Doyourememberthedaywhen(=onwhich)wevisitedthemountainvillage?
2)Thisisthefactorywhich/thatwevisitedlastyear.
Thisisthefactorywhere(=inwhich)heworkedlastyear.
3)Wedon’tbelievethereasonwhich/thathegaveforhiscominglate.
Wedon’tknowthereasonwhy(=forwhich)hehaschangedhismind.
2.关系副词where的从句还可以修饰point,situation,case,activity,scene,stage等地点意味不明显的先行词。
关系副词when的从句可以修饰occasion,stay等时间意味不明显的先行词。
关系副词why只修饰reason这一个先行词。
1)Nowyoucanseewe’vecometothepointwhereachangeisbadlyneeded.
2)Todaywe’lldiscusssomecaseswherebeginnersofEnglishfailtouseit
properly.
3)Therearefewoccasionswhenmystudentscan’tunderstandwhatIteachinclass.
3.when和where在少数情况下可作介词宾语。
1).Thenaughtyboywashiddenbehindthedoor,fromwherehesawhismotherwalkingintothehouse.〔where指代behindthedoor。
不能换为which,因为which只能指代thedoor〕
2).TheywenttoAmericanthreeyearsago,sincewhentheyhavelivedthere.
(when指代threeyearsago。
不能换为which,因为which只能指代threeyears=andsincethen)
(二)that在有些句型中可视为关系副词:
1way后面的定语从句常用that或inwhich引导,但可省略。
Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)youspeaktoyourparents.
Theway(inwhich/that)heworkedontheproblemwaswrong.
[注]:
如果way在从句中作主语或宾语,应该用关系代词which/that。
Heexplainedtheprobleminawaythat/whicheveryonecouldaccept.
2.Itis(about,high)timethat…(正)是……的时候了。
that从句中常用一般过去时,that在口语中可省略。
Itwashightimethatwestoppedpollution.
Itistimethatyouhadlunchnow.
比较Therewasatimewhen(duringwhich)wewereshortofoil.
3.Thisisthefirst(second,…last)timethat…(从句中常用完成时态)
Thisis/willbethelasttimethatIhavecometoChina.
ItwasthefirsttimethathehadbeeninvitedtoChina.
第四部分:
定语从句有关要注意的问题
(一)关系代词作主语时,要注意从句中谓语动词的单复数。
1.先行词只有oneof修饰时,从句谓语用复数。
HeisoneofthestudentsinourclasswhohavebeentoHainan.
Thisisoneofthebestbooksthatwerewrittenbythewriter.
2.oneof前有the,theonly,thevery,thefirst时,从句谓语用单数。
Tomistheonly/veryoneoftheboyswhoknowsthetruth.
(二)定语从句的隔离现象:
1定语从句和先行词之间有时会被状语,定语或者其他成分隔开,要注意找准先行词。
ThefilmbroughtthehoursbacktomewhenIwastakengoodcareofinthatvillage.
Istherearestaurantaroundwherewecanhavelunch?
(aroundadv.在周围)
Thedaysaregonewhenweusedforeignoil.
(主句谓语较短,隔开先行词与定语从句)
2.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的后面有时会出现插入语。
1)HeisthemanwhoIthinkisfitforthejob.
2)---Isthatthesmalltownyouoftenreferto?
---Right,justtheonewhereyouknowIusedtoworkforyears.
(三)定语从句中有时会使用倒装语序:
Threedayslater,wefoundanoldhouse,infrontofwhichstoodabigtree.
Finallytheyclimbedupthemountain,abovewhichappearedabeautifulrainbow.
(四)注意区别定语从句和其他从句:
1.区别where引导的定语从句和地点状语从句。
(最明显的区别是定语从句一定有先行词)
Afterthewar,anewschoolwasputupwheretherehadoncebeenatheatre.(状语从句)
Anewschoolwasputupattheplacewheretherehadoncebeenatheatre.
(定语从句)
2.区别“介词+which”的定语从句和“介词+what”的宾语从句。
1)Thisisthecompanyinwhichheworkedthreeyearsago.
(which引导定语从句)
2)Amoderncityhasbeensetupinwhatwasawastelandtenyearsago.
(what宾语从句)
3.区别that的定语从句和同位语从句。
Thenewsthathewonthematchmadeusexcited.(同位语从句)
Thenews(that)hetoldusmadeusveryexcited.(定语从句)
【注】:
同位语从句中that不作句子成分,但不能省略,去掉that从句仍然完整。
定语从句中that是关系代词,可作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。
【高考链接】
1.(2017高考英语上海秋季卷,38)Windpowerisanancientsourceofenergy______wemayreturninthenearfuture.
A.onwhichB.bywhichC.towhichD.fromwhich
2.(2017高考英语重庆卷,28)Inchina,thenumberofcitiesisincreasing________developmentisrecognizedacrosstheworld.
A.whereB.whichC.whoseD.that
3.(2017高考英语浙江卷,3)Thesettlementishometonearly1,000people,manyof______lefttheirvillagehomesforabetterlifeinthecity.
A、whomB、whichC、themD、those
4.(2017高考英语天津卷,8)CanyoubelieveIhadtopay30dollarsforahaircut?
Youshouldtrythebarber’s______Igo.It’sonly15.
A.asB.whichC.whereD.that
5.(2017高考英语四川卷,10)Aftergraduatingfromcollege,Itooksometimeofftogotravelling,______turnedouttobeawisedecision、
A、thatB、whichC、whenD、where
6.(2017高考英语上海春季卷,40)Samuelsurvivedwhenthecar______hewasapassengerinturnedofftheroadandhitatree.
A、whereB、thatC、asD、why
7.(2017高考英语陕西卷,11)Theoldtemple_______roofwasdamagedinastormisnowunderrepair.
A.whereB.whichC.itsD.whose
8.(2017高考英语山东卷,24)That’sthenewmachine______partsaretoosmalltobeseen.
A.thatB.whichC.whoseD.what
9.(2017高考英语江西卷,31)Thegirlarrangedtohavepianolessonsatthetrainingcentrewithhersister______shewouldstayforanhour.
AwhereBwhoCwhichDwhat
10.(2017高考英语江苏卷,32)Thenewlybuiltcafé,thewallsof_______arepaintedlightgreen,isreallyapeacefulplaceforus,speciallyafterhardwork.
A.thatB.itC.whatD.which
11.(2017高考英语湖南卷,28)I'vebecomegoodfriendswithseveralofthestudentsinmyschool______ImetintheEnglishspeechcontestlastyear.
A.whoB.whereC.whenD.which
12.(2017高考英语福建卷,24)StephenHawkingbelievesthattheearthisunlikelytobetheonlyplanet______lifehasdevelopgradually.
A.thatB.whereC.whichD.whose
13.(2017高考英语大纲全国I卷,24)Asachild,Jackstudiedinavillageschool,______isnamedafterhisgrandfather.
A.whichB.whereC.whatD.that
14.(2017高考英语大纲全国II卷,16)Irefusetoaccepttheblameforsomething_______wassomeoneelse’sfault.
A.whoB.thatC.asD.what
15.(2017高考英语北京卷,27)Childrenwhoarenotactiveor______dietishighinfatwil