民航货运英语.docx

民航货运英语.docx

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民航货运英语

LESSONONEThedevelopmentofaircargo航空货运的发展

Smallpackageservice:

Aspecializedserviceguaranteeingthedeliveryofsmallparcelswithinspecifiedexpresstimelimits,e.g.samedayornextday.Thistrafficissubjecttosizeandweightlimitations。

Mostpassengeraircarriersalsoprovidethisserviceatairportticketcounterswithdeliveryatdestinationbaggageclaimarea.It’softenreferredtoascountertocounter。

Tonmile：

Thecommonmeasurementoftransportationproductivity.Onetonmilemeansonetonofcargoflownonemile。

All-cargoaircraft:

Aircraftforthecarriageofcargoonly，ratherthanthecombinationofpassengersandcargo.Cargoaircraftcarrypalletizedorcontainerizedtrafficonthemaindeckandeitherunitizedorbulkcargoonthelowerdeck.Cargoaircraftarenormallyequippedwithspecialcargoloadingsystemsonthemaindeck.Alsoreferredtoasfreighters。

TEXT

Thetermaircargoisgenerallyusedinthebroadsense,toincludeairfreight,mail,andtheseveraltypesofexpeditedsmallpackageservices.Inshort，almosteverythingthatgoesinthecargocompartmentonapassengerflightisconsideredaircargo,exceptpassengerbaggage,whichistreatedaspartofthepassenger。

Theairlinegottheirstartcarryingmail,thenprogressedintothepassengerbusinessandmovedtosubstantialparticipationinthefreightbusiness.Yetalthoughitwasthelatecomer，airfreightwasoncethefastest—growingsegmentoftheairlineindustry。

From1961through1971,theton-milesoffreightcarriedbyUSscheduledairlineshadnearlyafivefoldincrease,whilepassenger—milesincreasedalittleoverthreefold.The1970sshowedslowerbutsteadygrowth,abouta67percentincreaseoverthedecadeforton—milesofairfreight.

Inthe1980ssmall—packageexpressservicesgrewrapidlyanddataforthatdecadereflectfreightandexpresscombined。

Theyshowan85percentincreaseinton-milesinthetenyears.Mostrecentfiguresshowanincreaseof11。

5percentfrom1990—1993。

Butitwouldbeamistaketodowngradetheimportanceofaircargoonlybecauseitisasmallbusinesscomparedwiththepassengerbusiness。

Becauseofitsspeed,andbecauseofthemanysavingsderivingfromspeed,aircargoservicehasbecomevaluabletomanufactures,toretailers,andtoconsumers.Amanufacturerofappliancesmayrelyontheairlinesfordeliveryofcomponents，whileretailersmayuseairformovingmuchoftheirmerchandisetotheirscatteredoutlets。

Theconsumermaybenefitinmanyways，suchasquickreceiptofurgentlyneededgoods.Theconsumeralsobenefitsindirectlytotheextentthatuseofairmayinvolveandoverallcostsavinginthemanufactureanddistributionofgoods。

Manyairlinesspecializeincarryingcargo.Butmuchcargoiscarriedbyregularpassengerairlines,whichmeansmostcargotodaytravelsinthecargoholdsonpassengerflights,ratherthanall-cargoaircraft.

In1949theCivilAeronauticsBoard（CAB）establishedaclassofairlinecalledcertificatedcargocarriers。

Theonememberofthatsurvivedintothe1980swastheflyingtigerline,whichdevelopedalargeworldwidenetworkand,foratime,wastheworld’slargestcarrierofairfreight.In1989itwasacquiredbythesmall—packagecarrierfederalexpress。

The1970sand1980ssawaremarkablegrowthinsmall—packagetraffic.The1990s,however,haveseensmall—packagecarriersexpandintotheairfreightbusiness,themergerofFederalExpresswithFlyingTigerbeingconsistentwiththistrend.Thetermintegratedcarrierwasinitiallyusedforsmall-packagecarriersusingtheirowntrucksforpickupanddelivery—“integrated”inthesenseofone-com—anyservicefromdoortodoor。

Notonlyhavethesecarriersbeenexpandingintoairfreight,manyairfreightforwardsnowoperatetheirownaircraftandprovideone-company“integrated"service.Thetermisnowcomingtobeusedtodistinguishtheairlinethatcarriesonlycargofromthecombinationcarrierthatisprimarilyinthepassengerbusinessandtakescargoasasideline。

LESSONTWOAirFreight航空运费

Airwaybill:

Thedocumentmadebyoronbehalfoftheshipperwhichisadocumentaryevidenceofcarrier'sandshipper'ssignaturetothecontractofcarriage.

Shipment:

Alsoknownasconsignment。

Oneormorepiecesoffreightbeingtransportedunderthecontractedauthorityofoneairwaybill

CustomsBroker:

anagentspecializedininboundcustomsclearance

Container：

Aunitloaddevice（ULD）inwhichaconsignmentcanbetransported。

TEXT

Themovementoffreightbyairismorecomplicatedthanthemovementofpassengersbyair.Everypieceoffreighthastobecarefullylabeledandtransportedfromplacetoplace.Inaddition,therearemorecomplicatedgovernmentregulationsforinternationalshipmentoffreightthanforpassengers.

Becauseofthesecomplications,mostairfreightshipmentsarehandledbyfreightforwardingagencies,whichfillafunctionsimilartothatperformedbytravelagenciesforpassengers。

Inotherwords,theytakecareofmakingallthenecessaryarrangementssothatthecustomerisnotbotheredwithmanyofthedetails。

Theairfreightagentdoesmostofhisworkbytelephone.Let'ssupposethatashippingclerkcallsinfromacompanythatsendsalargenumberofshipmentsbyair。

Theairfreightagentassignsanairwaybillnumbertotheshipment。

Thenhearrangesforpickupoftheshipment.Hecanalsobooktheshipmentonwhateverflightsarenecessary。

Whentheshipmentisreceivedbytheairline，eachpieceismarkedwiththeairwaybillnumberforidentification。

Airfreightiscarriedeitherinthebaggagecompartmentofaregularpassengerflight，orbyfreightswhichhavebeenespeciallydesignedoradaptedforcarryingcargo。

Thefreightersusuallyoperatebetweenmajorshippingpoints。

Thechargesonairfreightaredeterminedeitherbyweightorweightplusvolume——--thatis,bythesizeofthepiecesintheshipment.Generally,acertainnumberofcubicinchesisconsideredtheequivalentofapoundofweight.Oninternationalshipments,theshipperisatpresentallowed194cubicinchesforeachpound.Ifheexceedsthevolumeallowance，hepaysahigherrate.

Withpassengers，thefarefortheflightisalmostalwayspaidinadvance.Withfreight,howevertheairlinecanacceptpaymentondelivery，thisiscustomarywithlarge,frequentshippers.Amemberofthegeneralpublicwhoisshippingpersonaleffectswouldprobablybeaskedtoprepay。

Inregardtointernationalshipments,however，somecountriesdonotpermitandshipmentsexceptthosethathavebeenprepaid，nomatterwhotheshipperis.

Withamemberofthepublic，theagentisprobablyunabletoassignanairwaybillnumber,ascertainthecharges,orbooktheshipmentonspecificflightsuntiltheshipmenthasbeenreceivedbytheairline，whenitisweighed,andcheckedtoseeifitisadequatelypacked.Whenacompanyismarkingafirst—timeshipment，particularlyifitisaninternationalshipment,theairlineagentmightrecommendafreightforwardingagencytohelptheshipperwithalltheproblemsofdocumentation，insurance，andsoon.

Inadditiontothefreightforwardingagencies，theshippingbusinesshasalsogivenrisetoanotheroccupation,thecustomsbroker.Thecustomsbrokergivesassistancetointernationalshippersbothingettingnecessarydocumentationforoutgoingshipmentsandingettingincomingshipments，throughcustomsformalities。

Inalmostallcountries，incomingfreightmustgothroughcustoms,beforeitcanbereleasedtotheconsignee。

Freightusuallymustbeopenedandinspectedinthepresenceoftheconsigneeorhisrepresentative。

Thisisoneofthejobsperformedbyacustomsbroker.

Theairwaybillisthemostimportantdocumentintheshippingofairfreight。

Thecommonpracticeonmostairlinesistomarkeachpieceoffreightintheshipmentwithanairwaybillnumber.

Itisacomplicateddocument.Thereareusuallyasmanyastwelvecopiesofeachairwaybill。

Copiesgototheshipper,theconsignee，andeachairlineonwhichthefreighttravels.Theairwaybillshowsthevalueoftheshipment，thecharges,theinsurance,theflightsonwhichthefreightisbeingshipped，andotherinformation。

Theentirebusinessofshippingfreightisacomplicatedone。

Inadditiontotheroutineofarrangingforcollectionanddelivery,bookingtheshipmentsonflights,andfillingoutairwaybill，thefreightagentisalsoinvolvedinsuchproblemsastracinglostorstrayedshipmentsanddealingwithclaimsondamagedshipments.Hemustalsobeacquaintedwiththespecialservicesthathisairlineoffers,suchascontainerizedservice,inwhichtheairlineprovidestheshipperwithspecialcontainers.

Airfreight，willprobablymakeupalargeshareofthetotalairlinebusinessinthefuture。

Airlinesgenerallymakealargerprofitcarryingfreightthanpassengers，afact，whichguaranteesthegrowthofairfreightservices。

LESSONTHREETypesofcarriers承运人类型

Specialterms

Integratedcarrier：

Acarrierthatprovidesdoor—to-dooraircargotransportationusingitsownorcontractedairplanesandmotortrucks,andperformsthisserviceundertheauthorityofasingleairwaybill（e。

g.UnitedParcelserviceandFederalExpress）。

CombinationCarrier：

Scheduledaircarrierswhotransportbothpassengersandcargoinpassengerconfiguredaircraft，withcargorestrictedtothelowerdeckcompartments。

Belly:

AlsoknownasPitsorHolds。

Compartmentslocatedbeneaththecabinofanaircraftandusedforthecarriageofcargoandpassengerbaggage。

PickupandDelivery:

Anoptionalserviceforthesurfacetransportofshipmentsfromshipper’sdocktooriginationairterminalandformtheairterminalofdestinationtoreceiver’sdock.Forairfreight，anadditionalchargeisusuall