浙江工商大学跨文化交际期末复习资料.docx

浙江工商大学跨文化交际期末复习资料.docx

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浙江工商大学跨文化交际期末复习资料

定义

1、Interculturalcommunicationp6

TherearethreekindsofthingsyouneedtolearnifyouwanttobeabletocommunicateeffectivelywithWesterners.First,youneedtolearnaforeignlanguage，usuallyEnglish.Second,youshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleaboutWesterncultures.However，studyingEnglishlanguageandwesterncultureisnotenough.Youshouldalsolearnsomethingaboutwhathappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturestrytocommunicatewitheachother—inotherwords,"interculturalcommunication.”InterculturalcommunicationcanhelpInterpretwhatforeignersmean。

2、Culturep13

AwhitefarmerinIllinois,ablackbankerinNewYorkandaLatinoWalmartworkerinMiamilookdifferentontheoutside，buttheideasandinformationintheirheadswillhavemuchincommon。

Youcouldsaytheyarethreedifferentbandsofcomputersthatlookdifferentontheoutside，buthavealotofthesamesoftwareanddata.Itisthesesharedideasthatmakeagroupofpeopleintoaculture.Acultureisessentiallyagroupofpeoplewhocarrymanyofthesameideasintheirheads.

3、Stereotypesp15

Itisaderogatoryword。

Itmeansthatimage,idea,characterthathasbecomefixedorstandardizedinaconventionalformwithoutindividualityandisthereforefalseandshallow。

Stereotypesmayhaveabasisinfact,buttheyaretoobroadandshallow。

Theygiveusthemistakenideathataculturecanbesummedupeasilyinafewshort，simplestatements.Stereotypesarealsodangerousbecausetheymaytrickusintobelievingthatknowingafewstereotypesisthesamethingasunderstandinganotherculture。

4、Interpretationp24对外国人进行揣摩

Averyimportantaspectofinterculturalcommunicationis“interpretation”,theprocessofdecidingwhatforeigners’wordsandactionsmeanandwhytheydowhattheydo.Interpretationisapartofallcommunication—eventhemostsimpleconversations.Thewordsonlyconveypartofthemeaningofthemessage,soyouneedtouseotherevidencetohelpyouinterpretwhathemeansanddecidehowtorespond.Thewayyouinterpretwordsandactionsofindividualforeignerswillshapehowyouevaluatethosepeople.

5、Individualistp32

Individualistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasindividualsandemphasizetheneedsofindividuals。

Ingeneral,Westernculturetendstobeindividualist。

Theyviewthemselvesasindependentofcollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbytheirownpreferences,needs,rights，andthecontactstheyhaveestablishedwithothers；giveprioritytotheirpersonalgoalsoverthegoalsofothers;andemphasizerationalanalysesoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagestoassociatingwithothers。

6、Collectivistp32

Collectivistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasmembersofgroups（families，workunits,tribes,nations），andusuallyconsidertheneedsofthegrouptobemoreimportantthantheneedsofindividuals.MostAsiancultures,includingChina's，tendtobecollectivist.Peopleseethemselvesaspartsofoneormorecollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbythenormsof,anddutiesimposedby，thosecollectives;arewillingtogiveprioritytothegoalsofthesecollectivesovertheirownpersonalgoals；andemphasizetheirconnectednesstomembersofthesecultures.

7、Hierarchyp50

Hierarchyisdifferencesinrankandpower。

Everysocietyhashierarchytosomedegree.Inotherwords,somepeoplehavehigherrankandmorepowerthanothers,perhapsbecausetheyareolder,stronger,wealthier,orhavesomekindofofficialposition.Ontheotherhand,however，mostmodernsocietiesalsobelievethatequalityisavirtue，atleasttosomeextent.Soeachcultureneedstofinditsownbalancebetweenhierarchyandequality。

Westernculturestrytode—emphasizedifferencesinrankandpowerbycreatingasmuchappearanceofequalityaspossibleandemphasizeegalitarian（平等主义）morethanothers。

8、Cultureshock/fatigue文化冲击P58

Theconstanteffortanduncertaintyofdealingwithaforeignlanguageandculturecanleadtoaconditioncalled“cultureshock/fatigue"。

Itisafeelingofbeingconfusedandoverwhelmedbylifeinanotherculture.Peoplewhoexperiencecultureshockoftenfeelfatigued,impatientandirritable。

Theymayalsobegintryingtoavoidinteractionwithforeigners，andevenbecomeincreasinglycriticalandhostiletowardthem.ForeignersinChinasometimesexperiencecultureshock—andsodoChinesewhogotoliveinothercountries.

9、Highcontext背景重要的文化（中日）

Incollectivistcultures，peopletendtocommunicateinawaythatismoreindirectandsubtle，andlistenersareexpectedtotakemoreresponsibilityforinterpretingmessagescorrectly.Thiscommunicationstyleiscalled“highcontext”becausepeopleareexpectedtopaymuchattentiontothecontextinwhichcommunicationtakesplace-whothespeakeris,whereandwhytheconversationistakingplace,bodylanguage，andsoforth。

Theyoftengivemoreweighttothecontextthantotheactualwordssaid.Peopleinhighcontextculturesoftenviewdirect,explicitcommunicationasunsophisticatedorevenrude。

10、Lowcontext背景不重要的文化

ThewayWesternerscommunicatetendstoberelativelyexplicitanddirect。

InotherwordsWesternerstendtoputmostoftheirideasandfeelingsintowords,andthenstatetheseideasandfeelingsplainlyandopenly.Itisgenerallyconsideredagoodthingto“gettothepoint"and“saywhatyoumean,"anditislargelythespeaker'sresponsibilitytoensurethathis/hermessageisstatedinawaythatisclearandeasytounderstand。

Thiskindofcommunicationstyleissometimescalled“lowcontext”becausepeopleareexpectedtopaymoreattentiontothewordsusedincommunicationthantothecontextinwhichthingsaresaid.Theyexpectothersto“takethemattheirword”.

11、Projectedculturalsimilarity（PCS）自以为是的文化相似性

Projectedculturalsimilarityisthetendencytoassumethatpeoplefromotherculturesbasicallythinkandfeelmorethesamewaywedo。

Inotherwords，wesometimesassumethatwhileforeignersmaylookdifferent,dressdifferently，andspeakdifferentlanguages，"insideweareallmoreorlessthesame”。

Peoplefromdifferentcultureassumetheyunderstandeachotherinsteadofaskingeachotherwhattheythink。

Becausetheyeachexpecttheotherpersontoreactmoreorlessthesamewaytheywould，theydon'tchecktoseewhetherornottheotherpersonactuallyhasthesamefeelingsandreactionstheywould.

12、looseculture（美国）

Looseculturesdonotdemandahighdegreeofconformity。

Inloosecultures，peoplehavearelativelywiderangeofviewsastowhatisconsiderednormalbehavior.Ofcourse,suchcultureshavesomeconsensusonwhatisandisnotconsideredappropriatebehavior，buttheconsensusisnotverystrongandthereisoftenmuchdisagreement。

Peopleinlooseculturesalsotendtoberelativelytolerantofbehaviorthatdoesnotconformtoculturalnorms。

Evenifpeopledonotlikethewayothersactorlive，theywilltendtotolerateitoracceptitratherthanpunishingorcriticizingthosewhosebehaviordeviatesfromthenorms。

Thismeansthereislesspressureonindividualswithintheculturestobehavethesamewaymostotherpeopleintheculturedo.

13、Tightculture文化一致性很强

Tightculturesexpectarelativelyhighdegreeofconformity。

Thereisclearconsensusastowhatisandisnotacceptablebehavior，andthereismorepressureonpeopletoconformtothenormsoftheculture.Peopleintightculturesalsotendtoberelativelyintolerantofbehaviorthatdoesnotconformtoculturalnorms.Whenpeopledonotlikethewayothersactorlive，theywillnottolerateitandevenpunishorcriticizethosewhosebehaviordeviatesfromthenorms.

14、Ethnocentrism民族优越感

”Ethnocentrism"isthetendencytothinkofone’sowncultureasbeingatthecenteroftheworldandidentifywithone'sin-groupandtoevaluateout—groupsandtheirmembersaccordingtoitsstandards.Inotherwords，toassumethatone'sownculture’swayofthinkingandactingismorenatural，normal，andcorrectthanthewaypeoplefromotherculturesthinkandact。

Theytendtotooquicklyjudgetheseotherwaysasstrange，wrongorbad.Theybelievethattheirowncultureisperfectandsuperiortoothercultures.

15、Ingroups

“Ingroups”arethepeoplewehavethemostincommonwithandidentifymostcloselywith,suchasourfamily,classmates,orco-workers.Wealsohavelargerin-groupssuchaspeoplewhoarefromourownregion,religiousgroup,ethnicgroup，ornation.

16、Out-groups

“Outgroups"arethosegroupsofpeoplewhowedonotidentifywith———peoplefromotherfamilies，regions，ethnicgroups，ornations.Towardoutsiders，wetendtobemorecritical，suspicious，andwillingtopassharshjudgments.

17、warstories

Theterm“warstories”originallyreferredtothekindsofstoriessoldierswouldtellafterexperiencesinbattle.Now“warstories”refersmoregenerallytoanystoriespeopletellafterstrangeorstressfulexperiences,includingstoriesaboutunusualencounterswithforeigners。

Warstoriesnaturallytendtobebiasedagainstoutsides,sotheytendtoreinforcenegativeviewstowardforeigners。

What’smore，negativeviewsbasedonanexperiencewithoneforeignerareoftenusedasevidencetodrawconclusionsaboutforeignersingeneral.

简答+论述

1/2.Whywouldinterculturalcommunicationbemoredifficultthancommunicationbetweenpeoplefromthesameculture？

/Whyisithardtoteachaculture？

（1）Assumingmoreculturalsimilaritiesbetweenthemselvesandpeopleofotherculturesthanthereactuallyarecanleadtomisunderstanding.

（2）Languagedifferencesareobviouslyoftenasourceofmisunderstanding。

（3）Peopleofdifferentculturesoftenmisinterpretnon-verbalcommunicationsuchasbodylanguagean