该如何用公平理论在社会关系中研究公平的新方法外文翻译.docx

该如何用公平理论在社会关系中研究公平的新方法外文翻译.docx

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该如何用公平理论在社会关系中研究公平的新方法外文翻译

外文文献翻译译文

原文：

Whatshouldbedonewithequitytheory?

NewapproachestostudyoffairnessinsocialrelationshipsLeventhalGeraldS.1980

BIssuesInEquityTheory

Threemajorproblemswithequitytheoryareconsidered.Thefirstproblemisthatequitytheoryemploysaunidimensionalratherthanmultidimensionalconceptionoffairness.Thetheoryconceptualizesperceivedjusticesolelyintermsofameritprinciple.Thesecondproblemisthatequitytheoryconsidersonlythefinaldistributionofreward.Theprocedureswhichgeneratethatdistributionarenotexamined.Thefocusisonfairdistributionproblemsoffairprocedureareignored.Thethirdproblemisthatequitytheorytendstoexaggeratetheimportanceoffairnessinsocialrelationships.Concernforjusticeisonlyonemotivationalforceamongmanythatinfluencessocialperceptionandbehavior,anditmayoftenbeaweakerforcethanothers.

Otherapproachestothestudyoffairnessinsocialexchangesharesomeoftheseproblemswithequitytheory.Nosingleapproachhassolvedthemall.However,becauseequitytheoryissoprominent.Itisthefocusofthiscritique.

Π.AMultidimensionalApproachtoDistributiveFairness.

A.TheUnidimensionalApproachofEquityTheory.

Equitytheoryemploysaunidimensionalconceptofjustice.Thetheoryassumesthatanindividualjudgesthefairnessofhisownorothers'rewardssolelyintermsofameritprinciple.Fairnessexistswhenrewardsareinproportiontocontributions.Undoubtedly,thetheoryiscorrectinassumingthatanindividual'sperceptionoffairnessisstronglyaffectedbyacontributionsrulewhichdictatesthatpersonswithgreatcontributionsshouldreceivehigheroutcomes.However,equitytheoryignoresthepossibleroleofotherstandardsofjusticethatinfluenceperceptionofdistributivefairness.Incontrast,anumberoftheoristshaverecognizedtheneedforamultidimensionalconceptofdistributivefairness（e.g.Deutsch,1975;Komorita&Chertkoff,1973;Lerner,1974;Leventhal,1976a.b;Pruitt,1972;Sampson,1969）

Forexample,themultidimensionalapproachofthejusticejudgementmodel（Leventhal,1976b）assumethananindividual'sjudgmentsoffairnessmaybebased,notonlyonthecontributionsrule,butalsoonaneedsrulewhichdictatesthatpersonswithgreaterneedshouldreceivesimilaroutcomesregardlessofneedsorcontributions.

Terminology.Beforeexaminingthemultidimensionalapproachtoperceivedfairness.Itisnecessarytoconsiderthedefinitionofthetermequity.Mostequitytheoryresearchershaveequatedthetermwithatypeofjusticebasedonmeritorcontributions.Butthisdefinitionismuchnarrowerthanthatemployedineverydaylanguage.Webster'sThirdNewInternationalDictionarydefinesthetermequityas"afreeandreasonableconformitytoacceptstandardsofnaturalright,law,andjusticewithoutprejudice,favoritism,orfraudandwithoutrigorentailingunduehardship."Thisdefinitionismuchbroaderthanthattypicallypreferredbyequityresearchers.Thedictionarydefinitionofequityencompassesawholepanoplyofjusticestandards,notjustone.Onlyafewsocialpsychologists（e.g.Pruitt.1972）havefavoredsuchabroaduseoftheterm.Closeinspectionofthewritingsofequitytheoristssuggeststheydosometimesusetheterminabroadsense,aswellasthenarrow.However,theydonotdifferentiatebetweenthetwousagesandmanycasuallyslidefromonetotheother.Perhapsthistendencyisnotsurprisinggiventhetheory'suseofaunidimensionalconceptofjusticebasedonmerit.Inthepresentpaper,becauseofthisambiguity,thepracticeshallbetoavoidusingthetermequity.Instead,thetermsfairnessandjusticeareusedtorefertoequityinthegeneralsensedefinedbyWebster's.Thetermcontributionsrulereferstoequityinthemorenarrowsenseofjusticethatisbasedonamatchingofrewardstocontributions.Thetermdistributivefairnessisalsousedfrequentlyinthesepages.Thephrasereferstojudgementsoffairdistribution,irrespectiveofwhetherthecriterionofjusticeisbasedonneeds,equality,contributions,oracombinationofthesefactors.

B.TheMultidimensionalApproachOfJusticeJudgmentTheory.

Ithasbeennotedthatequitytheoryconceptualizesperceivedfairnessasasingledimensionthatdefinesjusticeintermsoftheproprtionalitybetweencontributionsandrewards.Thejusticejudgmentmodel（Leventhal,1976b）comploysamultidimensionalconceptionofjusticethatposeaclearalternativetoequitytheory.Justicejudgmenttheoryassumesthananindividual'sperceptionoffairnessisbasedonjusticerules.Inthepresentpaper,whichpresentsarevisedandexpandedformofthetheory,ajusticeruleisdefinedasanindividual'sbeliefthatadistributionofoutcomes,orprocedurefordistributingoutcomes,isfairandappropriatewhenitsatisfiescertaincriterion.Thisdefinitionpresupposetwocategoriesofjusticerules,namely,distributionrulesandproceduralrules.

Adistributionruleisdefinedastheindividual'sbeliefthatitisfairandappropriatewhenrewards,punishments,orresourcesaredistributedinaccordancewithcertaincriteria.Aspecificcriterionmightrequirethematchingofrewardstocontributionsormatchingrewardtoneedsordividingrewardsequally.Thus,acontributionsrule,needsrule,andequalityruleareamongthemajordistributiverules,thatcaninfluenceanindividual'sperceptionofdistributivefairness.

Proceduralrulesconstitutethesecondcategoryofjusticerules.Aproceduralruleisdefinedasanindividual'sbeliefthatallocativeprocedureswhichsatisfycertaincriteriaarefairandappropriate.Unfortunately,therefewstudiesoftheimpactofproceduralfactorsonperceivedfairness.Relativelylittleisknownaboutanindividual'sevaluationofproceduralcomponentsofthesocialsystemthatregulatetheallocativeprocess.Theoreticalproposalsaboutthespecificcriteriathatdefinerulesoffairproceduremustthereforebequitespeculative.Nevertheless,laterinthispapersixrulesoffairprocedurewillbeproposedanddiscussed.However,forthemoment,theproblemofproceduralfairnessissetaside,andtheissueofdistributivefairnessisthemainconcern.

C.JudgementsofDistributiveFairness.

Amajortenetofthejusticejudgmentmodelisthatanindividualappliesdistributionrulesselectivelyandfollowsdifferentrulesatdifferenttimes.Thus,theindividual'sbasiccriteriaforevaluatingfairnessmaychangewithcircumstances.Insomesituations,heorshemaybelievethatonedistributionruleismorerelevantthanothers.Inwhichcasethatrulehasgreaterimpactontheevaluationofdistributivefairness.

Themodelassumesafour-stagejusticejudgmentsequencebywhichanindividualevaluatesthefairnessofhisownorothers'rewardsandpunishments.Asdescribedbelow,thefourstagesareweighting,preliminaryestimation,rulecombination,andoutcomeevaluation.

1.Weighting.Intheweightingstageofthejusticejudgmentsequence,theindividualdecideswhichdistributionrulesareapplicableandtherelativeimportanceoftherules.Rulesofgreaterimportanceareassignedhigherweightinthejudgmentsequenceandhavegreaterimpactontheperceptionoffairness.

2.PreliminaryEstimation.Inthepreliminaryestimationstage,theindividualestimatestheamountandtypeofoutcomesthatreceiversdeservebasedoneachapplicablerule.Itisassumedthatanindividualusesaseparateinformation-processingsubroutine（Anderson,1945）foreachruletoestimatethereceiver'sdeservingnessbasedonthatrule.Consequently,Ifseveralruleshavebeenassignedhighweight,severalinformation-processingsubroutineswilloperateinparallel.ExceptInyoungchildren,theperceptual-cognitiveskillsinvolvedinsuchjudgmentareprobablywell-practicedandautomatic.Consequently,anindividualcanmakeseveralnearlysimultaneousestimatesofdeservingnessbasedondifferentdistributionrules.

3.RuleCombination.Intherule-combinationstageofthejusticejudgmentsequence,theindividualcombinestheseveralpreliminaryestimatestoarriveatafinaljudgmentofthereceiver'sdeservingness.

Theeventsinthisstagearesummarizedbythefollowingrule-combinationequation:

Deservedoutcomes=WcDbycontributions+WnDbyneeds+

WeDbyequality+WoDbyotherrules.

Inthisequation,theletterWstandsforthewordweightandtheletterDstandsfortheworddeservingness.ThetermsWc,Wn,WeandWorepresent,respectively,theweightsofthecontributionsrule,needsrule,equalityrule,andanyotherdistributionrulethatmayinfluencetheindividual'sperceptionofarecipient'sdeservingness.ThetermsDbycontributions,Dbyneeds,Dbyequality,andDbyotherrulesrepresent,respectively,anindividual'spreliminaryestimatesofrecipient'sdeservingnessbasedonthecontributionsrule,needsrule,equalityrule,andanyotherdistributionrulesthatinfluencehisorherjudgmentsofdistributivefairness.Therule-combinationequationstatesthattherelativeimpactofeachpreliminaryestimateonaperceiver'sjudgmentsofdeservingnessdependsontherelativeweightofthejusticerules.

Distributionruleswithsimilarweightmayhavecontradictoryimplications.Forexample,theneedsruleandcontributionsrulewoulddictateoppositedistributionsofrewardinthecaseofarecipientwithhighneedandlowcontributions.Anindividualusuallydealswithsuchcontradictionsbycompromisingbetweentheopposesrules.Arecipientwithhighneedandlowcontributionsmaybeevaluatedasaverageindeservingness.Ofcourse,distributionrulesarenotalwayscontradictory.Forexample,theneedsruleandcon