社会学概论9.docx

社会学概论9.docx

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社会学概论9

CHAPTER9:

DEVIANCE

TRUE/FALSEQUESTIONS

1.Crimeisonlyonecategoryofdeviance.

（REMEMBER;answer:

T;page194）

2.CesareLombroso,anItalianphysicianandcriminologist,claimedthatmostcriminalswerepeoplewhohadbeenmistreatedbysociety.

（UNDERSTAND;answer:

F;page195）

3.Biologicalfactors,includinggenetics,explainmostcriminalbehavior.

（REMEMBER;answer:

F;page195）

4.WalterRecklessandSimonDinitzdevelopedcontainmenttheory,whichclaimsthatastrongsuperegohelpsboysstayoutoftrouble.

（REMEMBER;answer:

T;page195）

5.Whatisconsidereddeviantismostlythesamebehaviorallaroundtheworld.

（REMEMBER;answer:

F;page196）

6.EmileDurkheim’sanalysissuggestsitwouldbeimpossibleforasocietytocompletelyeliminatedeviance.

（UNDERSTAND;answer:

T;page197）

7.RobertMertonclaimedthatthe“strainsofmasculinity”areanimportantcauseofcrime.

（REMEMBER;answer:

F;pages197-198）

8.Apoorpersonwhohaslittlechancetogotocollegeandwhosellsillegaldrugstomakemoneyisoneexampleofadeviant“innovator.”

（UNDERSTAND;answer:

T;page198）

9.AlbertCohensuggestedthatlower-classyouthsformadelinquentsubculturetogaintheself-respectthatsocietydeniesthem.

（REMEMBER;answer:

T;page198）

10.Labelingtheorystressesthatsomeactionsarealwayswrongandothersarealwaysright.

（REMEMBER;answer:

F;page200）

11.“Primarydeviance”referstothemostseriousoffenses.

（REMEMBER;answer:

F;page200）

12.Thestigmaofdeviancecanencourageanindividualtoengageinfurtherdeviance.

（REMEMBER;answer:

T;page200）

13.PsychiatristThomasSzaszstatesthatthelabelof“insanity”iswidelyappliedtobehaviorthatisactuallyonly“different.”

（UNDERSTAND;answer:

T;pages200-201）

14.The“medicalizationofdeviance”ideapointstothefactthatmostcrimesarecommittedbypeoplewhoareundertheinfluenceofanillegaldrug.

（REMEMBER;answer:

F;page201）

15.TravisHirschi’scontroltheorymakesthepointthatpeoplewhocommitcrimestypicallyhavelittleconcernaboutthepotentialconsequences.

（REMEMBER;answer:

T;page202）

16.Accordingtothesocial-conflictapproach,deviancehasanumberoffunctionsfortheoperationofsocietyasawhole.

（REMEMBER;answer:

F;page202）

17.Corporatecrimereferstostealingorothercrimesthatarecommittedagainstacorporationorotherlargebusiness.

（REMEMBER;answer:

F;page204）

18.Organizedcrimereferstosupplyinglegalgoodsandservicesatbelowmarketprices.

（REMEMBER;answer:

F;page204）

19.TodayintheUnitedStates,womenarearrestedforpropertycrimesatthesamerateasmenare.

（REMEMBER;answer:

F;page208）

20.Ingeneral,peopleofhighersocialclasspositionarelesslikelytobearrestedforstreetcrimesthanpeopleoflowerclassposition.

（REMEMBER;answer:

T;page209）

21.“Dueprocess”meanshandlingallegedoffenderswithintheboundsofthelaw.

（REMEMBER;answer:

T;page211）

22.EverypersonchargedwithacrimeintheUnitedStatesissentencedafterreceivingatrialbyjury.

（REMEMBER;answer:

F;page211）

23.Theoldsaying,“Aneyeforaneye,”expressestheessenceofrehabilitation.

（UNDERSTAND;answer:

F;page213）

24.IntheUnitedStates,eventhoughthecrimeratehasgonedowninrecentyears,thenumberofpeopleinprisonhasgoneup.

（REMEMBER;answer:

T;page214）

25.TheUnitedStatesistheonlyWestern,high-incomenationthatroutinelyimposesthedeathpenaltyonconvictedoffenders.

（REMEMBER;answer:

T;pages214-215）

26.Probationandparolearetwotypesofcommunity-basedcorrections.

（REMEMBER;answer:

T;page216）

MULTIPLE-CHOICEQUESTIONS

27.WhatdoesthestoryabouttheconvictionandimprisonmentofBruceGloversuggestaboutpunishmentintheUnitedStates?

a.Crimetrulydoespay.

b.Convictscanloseeverythingimportanttothemwhileinprisonand,afterrelease,theyoftenstruggletofitbackintosociety.

c.TheU.S.criminaljusticesystemtrulyrehabilitatescriminalseffectively.

d.Afteryougetoutofprison,societywelcomesyoubackwithopenarms.

（REMEMBER;answer:

b;page194）

28.Whichofthefollowingconceptsrefersto“therecognizedviolationofculturalnorms”?

a.deviance

b.crime

c.legalinfraction

d.juveniledelinquency

（REMEMBER;answer:

a;page194）

29.“Crime”differsfrom“deviance”inthatcrime

a.isalwaysmoreserious.

b.isusuallylessserious.

c.referstoaviolationofnormsenactedintolaw.

d.involvesalargershareofthepopulation.

（UNDERSTAND;answer:

c;page194）

30.Everysocietytriestoregulatethebehaviorofindividuals;thisgeneralprocessiscalled______.

a.neighborhoodwatch

b.selfcontrol

c.socialcontrol

d.thelegalsystem

（REMEMBER;answer:

c;page194）

31.Whatconceptreferstotheformalsystemthatrespondstoallegedviolationsofthelawusingpolice,courts,andprisonofficials?

a.thenormativesystem

b.socialcontrol

c.civillaw

d.thecriminaljusticesystem

（REMEMBER;answer:

d;page194）

32.Basedonyourreading,itwouldbecorrecttosaythatbiologicalapproachesoffer

a.averylimitedunderstandingofcrime.

b.agoodexplanationofmostcrimes.

c.agoodexplanationofviolentcrime.

d.agoodexplanationofpropertycrime.

（UNDERSTAND;answer:

a;pages194-195）

33.Readthefourstatementsbelow.Whichcomesclosesttothecorrectviewoftheroleofbiologyincausingpeopletocommitcrimes?

a.Maleswithcertainbodytypescommitthemostseriouscrimes.

b.Lombrosoprovedacenturyagothatbiologicalfactorsarethemajorcauseofcrime.

c.Biologicalfactorsmayhavearealbutsmalleffectincausingsomepeopletocommitcrimes.

d.Geneticsresearchhassucceededinexplainingmostcriminality.

（APPLY;answer:

c;page195）

34.WalterRecklessandSimonDinitzclaimedthat“goodboys”havetheabilitytoreinindeviantimpulses.Theycalledtheiranalysis

a.differentialopportunitytheory.

b.containmenttheory.

c.libidotheory.

d.differentialassociationtheory.

（REMEMBER;answer:

b;page195）

35.Thevalueofpsychologicaltheoriesofdevianceislimitedbecause

a.veryfewpeopleexperiencean“unsuccessfulsocialization.”

b.therehasbeenverylittleresearchofthiskind.

c.thereisnowaytodistinguish“normal”from“abnormal”people.

d.mostpeoplewhocommitcrimeshavenormalpersonalities.

（UNDERSTAND;answer:

d;page196）

36.Readthefollowingfourstatementsaboutthesocialfoundationsofdeviance.SelecttheonestatementthatisFALSE.

a.Devianceexistsonlyinrelationtoculturalnorms.

b.Therearemanyactsthatarealwaysdevianteverywhere.

c.Peoplebecomedeviantasothersdefinethemthatway.

d.Whatthenormsareandhowpeopleapplytheminvolvesocialpower.

（UNDERSTAND;answer:

b;page196）

37.AssumeyouwerelisteningtoalectureonDurkheim’sapproachtodeviance.Whichofthefollowingstatementsmightwellbethefocusofthelecture?

a.Devianceisanormalelementofsocialorganization.

b.Devianceisadysfunctionalelementofsocialorganization.

c.Devianceislesscommoninmodernsocieties.

d.Devianceisdefinedbytherichandusedagainstthepoor.

（APPLY;answer:

a;page197）

38.WhichofthefollowingarefunctionsofdeviancenotedbyEmileDurkheim?

a.Devianceaffirmsculturalvaluesandnorms.

b.Respondingtodeviancepromotessocialunity.

c.Respondingtodevianceclarifiesmoralboundaries.

d.Allofthesearecorrect.

（REMEMBER;answer:

d;page197）

39.InhisstudyofNewEngland’sPuritans,KaiEriksonconcludedthat

a.peopleeverywheredefinemostlythesamethingsasdeviant.

b.veryreligiouspeoplecreateverylittledeviance.

c.eventhisdisciplinedandhighlyreligiousgroupcreateddeviancetoclarifythemoralboundariesoftheircommunity.

d.theproportionofpeopleinthepopulationthatthePuritansdefinedasdeviantkeptrisingovertime.

（REMEMBER;answer:

c;page197）

40.InRobertMerton’sstraintheoryofdeviance,whichofthefollowingconceptsreferstotheprocessofseekingconventionalgoalsbutrejectingtheconventionalmeanstoachievethem?

a.innovation

b.ritualism

c.retreatism

d.rebellion

（REMEMBER;answer:

a;page198）

41.UsingthetermsofRobertMerton’sstraintheory,whichofthefollowingtermswouldcorrectlydescribeagangsterlikeAlCaponewhomadealotofmoneybreakingthelaw?

a.innovator

b.ritualist

c.retreatist

d.rebel

（APPLY;answer:

a;page198）

42.UsingthetermsofRobertMerton’sstraintheory,whichofthefollowingconceptscorrectlydescribesthebehaviorofaschool“dropout”whorejectsbothculturalgoalsandtheconventionalmeanstoreachthem?

a.innovator

b.ritualist

c.retreatist

d.rebel

（APPLY;answer:

c;page198）

43.UsingthetermsinRobertMerton’sstraintheory,whichofthefollowingconceptscorrectlydescribesthebehaviorofaradicalactivistwhorejectsjustabouteverythingintheexistingsocietyinfavorofsomealternativesystem?

a.innovator

b.ritualist

c.retreatist

d.rebel

（APPLY;answer:

d;page198）

44.UsingRobertMerton’sstraintheory,howwouldyouclassifyalow-paid,yetcompulsivelyconformingbanktellerwhoneverseemstowanttogetaheadbutneverseemstodoanythingwrong?

a.innovator

b.ritualist

c.retreatist

d.rebel

（APPLY;answer:

b;page198）

45.ClowardandOhlinextendedMerton’stheoryofdeviance,statingthatcrime

a.reflectsbothlimitedlegitimateopportunityaswellasaccessibleillegitimateopportunity.

b.ismorecommonamongtherichwhohavemoreopportunity.

c.isdefinedinsuchawayastooverlycriminalizethepoor.

d.istypicallyaresultofdrugdependenceorothersubstanceaddiction.

（REMEMBER;answer:

a;page198）

46.BothAlbertCohenandWalterMillerarguethatdevianceismostlikelytoariseamong

a.high-incomemales.

b.middle-classmen