英语论文文献综述描述研究现状.docx

英语论文文献综述描述研究现状.docx

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英语论文文献综述描述研究现状

Generaldescriptionsoftherelevantliterature:

AconsiderableamountofliteraturehasbeenpublishedonX.Thesestudies....

Thereisalargevolumeofpublishedstudiesdescribingtheroleof....

ThefirstseriousdiscussionsandanalysesofXemergedduringthe1970swith....

Thegeneralisabilityofmuchpublishedresearchonthisissueisproblematic.

WhatweknowaboutXislargelybaseduponempiricalstudiesthatinvestigatehow....

Duringthepast30yearsmuchmoreinformationhasbecomeavailableon....

Inrecentyears,therehasbeenanincreasingamountofliteratureon....

Alargeandgrowingbodyofliteraturehasinvestigated....

Generalreferencetopreviousresearch/scholarlyactivity（usuallymorethanoneauthor）

Manyhistorians havearguedthat ....（eg.Jones,1987;Johnson,1990;Smith,1994）

Numerousstudieshaveattemptedtoexplain....（forexample,Smith,1996;Kelly,1998;Johnson,2002）

Recentevidence suggests that....（Smith,1996;Jones1999;Johnson,2001）

Recently,invitrostudies haveshown thatT.thermophylusEFTucan....（Pateletal.,1997;Jonesetal.,1998）.

SurveyssuchasthatconductedbySmith（1988） haveshownthat ....

Severalattempts havebeenmade to....（Smith,1996;Jones1999;Johnson,2001）

Severalstudies haverevealed thatitisnotjustXthatactson.....（Smith,1996;Jones....

SeveralbiographiesofHarris havebeenpublished.Smithpresentsan....account,whilstJones....

SeveralstudiesinvestigatingX havebeencarriedout on....

Datafromseveralsources haveidentified theincreasedmorbidityandmortalityassociatedwithobesity

Previousstudies havereported ....（Smith,1985;Jones,1987;Johnson,1992）.

PreviousresearchfindingsintoX havebeen inconsistentandcontradictory （Smith,1996;Jones1999,....

Anumberofstudies havefound that....（Smith,2003;Jones,2004）.

Twentycohortstudyanalyseshaveexaminedtherelationshipbetween.... 

Atleast152case-controlstudiesworldwidehaveexaminedtherelationshipbetween..... 

Otherstudieshaveconsideredtherelationship....

TherelationshipbetweenXandY hasbeenwidelyinvestigated （Smith,1985;Jones,1987,....

ThecausesofXhavebeenwidely investigated （Jones,1987;Johnson,1990;Smith,1994）.

ThegeologyofX hasbeenaddressed inseveralsmall-scaleinvestigationsand.....

Xs havebeenidentifiedas majorcontributingfactorsforthedeclineofmanyspecies

（1）. 

X hasalsobeenshown toreversetheanti-inflammatoryeffectsofglucocorticoidsinmurine-inducedarthritis（11）.

Ithasbeensuggested thatlevelsofXareindependentofthesizeoftheY（Smithetal.,1995）

It has conclusivelybeenshownthat XandYincreaseZ（Smithetal.,1999;Jones,2001....

It hasbeendemonstrated thatahighintakeofXresultsindamageto....（Smith,1998;....

Referencetocurrentstateofknowledge

Arelationshipexistsbetweenanindividual'sworkingmemoryandtheirabilityto......（Jonesetal.,1998）. 

GMvarietiesofmaizeareabletocross-pollinatewithnon-GMvarieties（Smith,1998;Jones,1999）. 

Thereisanunambiguousrelationshipbetweenspendingoneducationandeconomicdevelopment（Rao,1998）.

XisoneofthemostintensereactionsfollowingCHD（Lane,2003）.

MIFhasbeenfoundtoopposetheanti-inflammatoryactionsofXonY（Alourfi,2004）.

Referencetosingleinvestigationsinthepast:

researcher（s）assentencesubject

Smith（1999）

found that aslevelsofliteracyandeducationofthepopulationrise....

showed thatreducingXto190oCdecreased....（seefigure2）.

demonstrated thatwhenthemaximumtemperatureisexceeded....

Jonesetal.（2001）

investigated thedifferentialimpactofformalandnon-formaleducationon....

analysed thedatafrom72countriesandconcludedthat....

reviewed theliteraturefromtheperiodandfoundlittleevidenceforthisclaim.

interviewed 250undergraduatestudentsusingsemi-structuredquestionnaires.

studied theeffectsofCytochromeP450onunprotectednervecells.

performed asimilarseriesofexperimentsinthe1960stoshowthat....

carriedout anumberofinvestigationsintothe....

conducted aseriesoftrials inwhich hemixedXwithdifferentquantitiesof....

measured bothcomponentsofthe....

labelled thesesubsetsas....

examined theflowofinternationalstudents....

identified parentsofdisabledchildrenas.... 

used asurveytoassessthevarious ....

Wangetal.（2004） haverecentlydeveloped amethodologyfortheselectiveintroductionof......

Referencetosingleinvestigationsorpublicationsinthepast:

timeframeprominent

In1975,Smithetal. published apaper inwhich theydescribed.... 

In1990Pateletal. demonstrated thatreplacementofH2Owithheavywaterledto....

Thirtyyearslater,Smith（1974） reported threecasesofCandidaAlbicanswhich....

Inthe1950sGunnarMyrdal pointedto someofthewaysinwhich….（Myrdal,1957）

In1981,Smithandcoworkers demonstratedthat Xinducedinvitroresistanceto....

In1990,El-Guerroujetal. reported anewandconvenientsyntheticproceduretoobtain....

In1984Jonesetal. made severalaminoacidestersofXandevaluatedthemaswater-solublepro-drugs.

Referencetosinglepublication:

notimeframe

Smithhaswrittenthemostcompletesynthesistodateof....

Referencetosingleinvestigationsinthepast:

investigationprominent

PreliminaryworkonX wasundertaken byAbdulKarim（1992）.

ThefirstsystematicstudyofX wasreported byPateletal.in1986.

ThestudyofthestructuralbehaviourofX wasfirstcarriedout byRaoetal.（1986）..... 

AnalysisofthegenesinvolvedinX wasfirstcarried outbySmithetal（1983）.

ArecentstudybySmithandJones（2001） involved ....

AlongtitudinalstudyofXbySmith（2002） reports that....

AsmallscalestudybySmith（2002） reaches differentconclusions,findingnoincreasein....

Smith'scross-countryanalysis（2002） showed that....

Smith'scomparativestudy（2002） found that....

DetailedexaminationofXbySmithandPatel（1961） showed that....

Inanothermajorstudy,Zhao（1974） found thatjustoverhalfofthe.... 

InarandomisedcontrolledstudyofX,Smith（2004） reported that....

Inalargelongitudinalstudy,Boucahyetal.2004） investigated theincidenceofXinY.

Referencetosingleinvestigationsinthepast:

researchtopicassubject

Classicalconditioning wasfirstdemonstrated experimentallybyPavlov（Smith,2002）.Inhisseminalstudy....

TheelectronicspectroscopyofX wasfirststudied bySmithandDouglas1in1970

Theacid-catalyzedcondensationreactionbetweenXandY wasfirstreported byBaeyerin1872

X formed thecentralfocusofastudybySmith（2002）inwhichtheauthorfound....

X wasoriginallyisolated fromYinasoilsamplefrom....（Wangetal.,1952）.

ThewayinwhichtheXgeneisregulatedwasstudiedextensivelybyHoandcolleagues（Hoetal.1995and1998）.

TodeterminetheeffectsofX,Zhaoetal（2005）compared....

Referencetowhatotherwritersdointheirtext（authorassubject）

Smith（2003） identifies poorfood,badhousing,inadequatehygieneandlargefamiliesasthemajorcausesof....

Rao（2003） lists threereasonswhytheEnglishlanguagehasbecomesodominant.Theseare:

....

Smith（2003） traces thedevelopmentofJapanesehistoryandphilosophyduringthe19thcentury.

Jones（2003） provides in-depthanalysisoftheworkofAristotleshowingitsrelevancetocontemporarytimes.

Smith（2003） drawsourattentionto distinctivecategoriesofmotivationalbeliefsoftenobservedin....

Smith（2003） defines evidencebasedmedicineastheconscious,explicitandjudicioususeof.....

Rao（2003） highlights theneedtobreakthelinkbetweeneconomicgrowthandtransportgrowth..... 

Smith（2003） discusses thechallengesandstrategiesforfacilitatingandpromoting....

Toh（2003） mentions thespecialsituationofSingaporeasanexampleof....

Smith（2003） questions whethermainstreamschoolsarethebestenvironmentfor.... 

Smith（2003） considers whethercountriesworkwelloncross-borderissuessuchas....

Smith（2003） uses examplesofthesevarioustechniquesasevidencethat....

Inhermajorstudy, 

Inherseminalarticle, 

Inherclassiccritiqueof....,

Inhercasestudyof...,

Inherreviewof....,

Inheranalysisof....,

Inherintroductionto....,'

Smith（2004）identifiesfivecharacteristicsof.......

Someanalysts（e.g.Carnoy,2002）haveattemptedtodrawfinedistinctionsbetween....

Otherauthors（seeHarbison,2003;Kaplan,2004）questiontheusefulnessofsuchanapproach.

Referencetootherwriters'ideas（authorassubject）

Accordingto Smith（2003）,preventativemedicineisfarmorecosteffective,andthereforebetteradaptedtothedevelopingworld.

Smith（2003）

pointsout 

argues 

maintains 

claims 

concludes 

suggests

that

preventativemedicineisfarmorecosteffective,andthereforebetteradaptedtothedevelopingworld

Smith（2003）

arguesfor

offers

proposes

suggests

anexplanatorytheoryforeachtypeofirrationalbelief.

ThisviewissupportedbyJones（2000）whowrites....

SmitharguesthatherdatasupportO'Brien's（1988）viewthat....

AsSmithremindsus,.... 

Elsewhere,Smithhasarguedthat....

Somewaysofintroducingquotations

InthefinalpartoftheTheses,Marxwrites:

"Philosophershavehithertoonlyinterpretedtheworldinvariousways;thepoint...."

Sachsconcludes:

"Theideaofdevelopmentstandstodaylikearuinintheintellectuallandscape…"（Sachs,1992a:

156）. 

AsSmithargues:

"Inthepast,thepurposeofeducationwasto...."（Smith,2000:

150）.

AsCarnoy（2004:

215）states:

"therearemanygoodreasonstobesceptic