名词表示人或事物的名称它又分为专有名词和普通名词.docx
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名词表示人或事物的名称它又分为专有名词和普通名词
Grammar
词类
一名词
⑴名词：
表示人或事物的名称。
它又分为专有名词和普通名词
专有名词：
人名， 地名，国名，机构，组织，社团，江河，湖泊，山脉，岛屿等。
如：
Tom, the Great Wall, China, Green China, the PLA,
普通名词：
又分可数和不可数
可数是指能分为一个一个的个体的。
boy , girl, panda, apple , tomato, bag,
不可数是指不能分为一个个的个体的。
water, milk, beef, chicken, bread, （物质名词）
music, weather, news , work, sunshine, money.
⑵区别：
①可数名词有复数，不可数没有。
②可数名词前可以直接加表数量多少的词，数量大于1时名词要用复数形式；不可数前不可以直接加表数量多少的词。
如要用则须在名词前加上量词+of （如：
a piece of bread, two pieces of music, a cup of tea, three cups of milk. five boxes of bread . ）
③ 不可数名词可单独用，可数名词单独用时，要用复数，否则须在前用一个其它词修饰。
（ 用an, a, the, my, Tom's， 等这类词来修饰 ）
My shoes are black. This is my sister's skirt. I dont' like bananas.
She doesn't like bread.
⑶数量词+容器+of
a box of potatoes, five boxes of apples, four cups of tea,
⑷常见不可数：
①液体，肉类， 油类，气体；broccoli
②money, work, homework, housework, news, sunshine, music , weather,
③ food, fruit, drink 常用作不可数，有时也用作可数
⑸ 一些动词也可作名词用，此时为可数
have a drink（ rest, walk , talk）. want a go,
He usually takes walks after supper. （他通常在晚饭后散步 ）
Would you like a drink ?
Do you want a go ?
（ 你想要试试吗？
）
⑹ 一些词作可数和不可数时意思不一样
chicken, 鸡肉 ，小鸡， time, 时间，次数 paper, 纸，报纸
snow, rain, wind, a heavy snow（ rain ）, a strong wind
⑺coffee, salad, ice cream, pizza, cola, 常用作不可数，但表示一分时可数
a coffee, （ 一杯咖啡） , a salad, （ 一分沙拉 ）
⑻名词单数变复数
规则变化
①直接加s
②以s, x, sh, ch 结尾加es bus, box, watch, dish,
③以辅音字母加y结尾变y为i再加es, comedy --comedies, party---parties
（ boy ---boys, 不能变，它是元音加y结尾）
不规则变化
①以o 结尾的 只有 tomato, potato 加es, 其余加s
②Chinese, Japanese, sheep, fish , deer, 单数复数一样
③foot--feet, tooth----teeth, child---children, man--men, woman, Englishman,
⑼使用名词要注意的几个问题
①一些名词只有复数没有单数 people, the police
②一些名词常 用复数 trousers, shoes, glasses（眼镜）, shorts（短裤）, jeans
③固定搭配中 make friends, by boat, make mistakes,
④合成词 a three--year--old boy （ The boy is three years old. ）
⑤名词作定语修饰其后名词常用单数 （woman, man除外）
boy friend, shoe shop, bike factory, （ man doctor, men doctors n ）
⑽名词的所有格 “-----的”
结构：
①'s 或 s' ； ②A of B （B的A ）
一般是有生命的用前者，无生命的用后者
your brother's name, his father's car, Women's Day , the teachers' desk,
the wall of the classroom, 教室的墙 the gate of the park公园的门
时间，距离，重量等也常用前者
in a few years' time, ten minutes' walk, in today's newspaper
有时两者都可
China's capital, the capital of China
共同所有 This is Tom and Mike's room.
分别所有These are Tom's and Mike's shoes.
双重所有格 a photo of my sister's
二 代词：
用来代替名词，形容词，或数词等。
1 人称代词：
主格：
I , we, you , he , she, it, they 放在句子前作句子主语
宾格：
me, us, you, him, her, it, them 放在动词或介词后面作宾语。
I am thirsty. Please give me a cup of water with honey.
2 物主代词：
形容词性：
my, our, your, his, her, its, their 其后必须跟一个名词。
名词性：
mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs 其后不能跟名词。
This is my book. His is over there.
3反身代词：
myself , ourselves, yourself, yourselves himself, herself, itself, themselves
①句子的主语和作宾语的代词在人称上致时，作宾语的人称代词用反身代词
The boy teaches himself at home.
Come and see for yourself at Huaxing Clothes Store !
② 同位语The word itself is becoming a smaller place.
I will go to see your father myself. （主语同位语）
I will go to see your father himself. （宾语同位语）
③by + 反身代词 （ 独自地， 单独地）
He studies English by himself.
4 指示代词：
this, these,（ 近指） ； Is this your pencil ?
that , those （远指） Is that his book ?
5疑问代词：
what , which（哪个，哪些）, who（谁）, whom （谁，宾格）
whose（谁的）
What ------for ?
== why
What are you crying for ?
Why are you crying ?
For whom you are waiting ?
What does your father do ?
=== What is your father ?
Which 在一定范围内作选择，代替who , what.
6不定代词
① Some 一些 及不可数，或可数名词的复数。
用于肯定句中 I have some red pencils. There is some milk in the cup.
用于疑问句中 Could you give some advice ?
Would you like some bread?
用于问句主要是表示请求，建议，希望得到对方的肯定回答。
② any 一些 主要用于否定句，疑问句
There are not any apples in the box.
Is there any milk in the cup ?
任何一个，用于肯定句中
He is taller than any other boy in his class.
他比他班上其它任何男生都高。
③many 其后名词用复数，much ， too much其后名词用不可数
a lot of = lots of 后用不可数或可数名词的复数
④a few有一些，有几个 , few 几乎没有， 后跟名词的复数
a little, 有一点儿 little, 几乎没有， 后跟不可数名词
⑤ each, every , 只有each 后面可不跟名词，单独使用。
⑥ both , all
⑦ no , none, no one, not
No除了回答一般问句外，必须跟一个名词，作形容词
No one is away . None of us is away. 没有一个人
Is there anyone in the classroom ?
------None.
There is not any milk in the cup. ---There is no milk in the cup.
⑧ either, neither, either----or----, neither----nor.
either两者中任何一个都，其后名词都用单数，谓语用单数
neither 两者中任何一个都不 ，其后名词都用单数，谓语用单数
I don't know either of them. =I know neither of them.
He can't play the guitar. I can't , either. 也不
Neither can I . 我也不会。
⑨ other, the other, others, the others, one----- the other
another
other别的，其它 的，及不可数或可数名词的复数，前面还可用my, his, some, a few, many 等来修饰
the other 表特指 一个整体中除去一部分，其余的]
others 其余人或物 ， the others 表示特指， 两者后面都不能再跟 名词。
one ------ the other 是一个短语，用来描述两个人或物
another 及可数名词单数或 one 或pair, piece 等之类的量词。
它有两个完全不同的意思。
一个是，在原来的基础 增加一个相同的以，再来，还有等之意思；另一个是来一个别的，基它的。
I have another three days' holiday. 我还有三天假。
区别：
This mooncake is nice. I want another one.
This shirt is too small. Please show me another one.
These shoes are too long. Please show me another pair.
⑩ one
一个，某一个， one day, 有一天
one of ---- ----中的一个
代替前面提到的名词同类中的一个， 复数用ones
-----Do you know the old man ?
---Which man ?
---- The one in a black coat.
⑾ something, somebody, someone, everyone, everybody, everything
都作单数，谓语都用单。
有定语时放其后面。
else
Did you see anybody else in the next door ?
三冠词：
分为定冠词the 和不定冠词 a, an
1 an, a 的用法
单数可数名词 前元音开头的用an 辅音开头的用a
如：
an interesting story , an ugly man, a beautiful flower
但 a useful book, a usual day, half an hour
①说明是某一类， 常不译出来
What's this ?
It's is a book. 这是什么。
它是书。
What do you do ?
I am a teacher. 你是做什么的？
我是教师.
②表示“一” 和 one差不多"一个”
I have a daughter and two sons.
③“每一"
How often do you exercise ?
Twice a week.
2 the 的用法
①特指：
第一次出现了，再次出现时；
This is my pen. The pen is made in Japan.
谈话双方都知道的人或物
Do you know the old woman ?
②用在形容词前表一类人或物
the poor, the rich
③世界上独一无二的
the earth , the moon
④ 序数词， 形容词的最高级前无其它词，且后面有一个名词时，序数词和最高级形容词前用the
my best friend, the most popular Tv star, the ninth day
⑤乐器前 the piano, the guitar
⑥ 一些短语中 do the cooking , in the evening
3 不 用冠词
①可数名词的复数表示一类时 Girls are more careful than boys.
②不可数名词前常不用
③年，月份，季节，星期，节日，三餐饭，球类
in 2000, in October, in winter, on Sunday, have lunch,
play basketball
④名词前已有定语的“ 这，那，这些，那些，---的”来修饰时
⑤by+交通工具
by bike , by bus, by car, （ in a car, on a bus, ）
四 形容词：
1 ①用来作定语，修饰名词“-----的” 常放在名词前面。
（ 形容词修饰不定代词something, nothing, anythng 时要放其后面。
）
something interesting, something different,
②作表语 To study English is very important.
③补语 He often keeps the windows closed at night.
2 形容词有三种形式， 原级， 比较级，最高级。
不作比较 The boy is very tall.
两者作比较时有比较级 The boy is taller than Mike.
三者或三者以上作比较时用最高级 The boy is the tallest in his class.
3 形容词比较级，最高级构成
①直接加er,est, 以e 结尾的加r,st nice--nicer,
②辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i再加er, est
heavy--heavier, busy--busier
③ 一些词加more, most 构成比较级和最高级
popular, beautiful, interesting, boring, difficult, important, relaxing, exciting, delicious, athletic, 等比较长的单词。
④不规则
little---less---lest
good / well----better---best
bad---worse----worst
⑤ 比较级前可以用 a lot, much （---得多）， a little （ ---一点儿）来修饰
五 数词：
分基数词和序数词
基数词：
表数量多少 one , two, three , four, five, six, eight, nine, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, twenty, thirty, forty , fifty, ninety,
序数词：
表事物的顺序，常与the连用
first, second, third, fourth, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, fifteenth, twentieth
twenty-first , one hundred and first
July first, July 1st, July 1
六 副词
① 程度副词：
too, very , so , quite, rather, fairly 放在形容词，副词前面
②频度副词:
always, usually, sometimes, every day , once a week,
Sometimes I get to school by bus.
I usually get up at six.
③ly副词:
quickly ,
He quickly got up and put on his clothes.
④其它 fast , early, late,
七 介词：
in, on, of , to ,under, for, at, with, from,about,其后及名词或代词
at home, at six thirty, learn about Chinese, She is from China.
buy from the store, in the bookcase, in red,
in English, a photo of your family, go to bed,
八 连词：
连接词，短语，句子
and, but, or, although, because,
九、动词：
分为实意动词，连系动词，助动词，性态动词四类
㈠ 行为动词：
表示一定的动作或状态，可单独作谓语。
它又分为两种，及物动词和不及物动词。
如：
run , cry , smile, go, sit, 这些词后面不能跟宾语。
want, like, have, hope, ask, tell, say, need 这些词为及物动词，必须跟宾语。
（有些词可作及物，也可作不及物 如：
They are reading. 他们在看书 They are reading newspapers. 他们在看报 ）
The boys are running.
升级会员 