精读3 精读Unit 4.docx

精读3 精读Unit 4.docx

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精读3精读Unit4

Unit4TextADiogenesandAlexander

I.AnIntroductiontoTheAuthor

GilbertArthurHighet

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GilbertArthurHighet（June22,1906–January20,1978）wasaScottish-Americanclassicist,academic,writer,intellectual,criticandliteraryhistorian.

BorninScotland,GilbertHighetisbestknownasamid-20th-centuryteacherofthehumanitiesintheUnitedStates.HeattendedGlasgowUniversityandBalliolCollege,Oxford,becomingafellowofStJohn'sCollege,Oxfordin1932,whereheremainedforsixyears.Hehadmethiswife,thewell-knownnovelistHelenMacInnes,whiletheywerefellow-studentsatGlasgow,andtheymarriedin1932.In1938hewasappointedtothechairofLatin&GreekatColumbiaUniversity.HestayedatColumbiauntil1971（exceptforBritishArmyservice[1]duringWorldWarII）.HebecameanAmericancitizenin1951,followinghisappointmentasAnthonProfessorofLatinLanguageandLiteraturein1950.SeehisobituaryinTheTimes,January26,1978.

Highetdevotedmostofhisenergytoteaching,buthealsoaspiredtoraisethelevelofmasscultureandachievedbroaderinfluencebypublishingessaysandbooks,hostinghisownradioprogram,actingasajudgefortheBook-of-the-MonthClub,andservingontheeditorialboardofHorizonmagazine.

∙

[edit]Oneducation

LikeothersteachingatColumbiaatthistime–LionelTrilling,MarkVanDoren,EricBentley,ErnestNagel–GilbertHighetconceivedofhisworkasthefosteringofatradition."Thesearenotbooks,lumpsoflifelesspaper,but'minds'aliveontheshelves,"Highetwrote.Hebelievedthat"Thechiefaimofeducationistoshowyou,afteryoumakealivelihood,howtoenjoyliving;andyoucanlivelongestandbestandmostrewardinglybyattainingandpreservingthehappinessoflearning."

Asascholarinanerainwhichdemocracy,communism,andfascismviedforsupremacy,hebelieveditwasthedutyoftheintellectualtosupportfreedomanddefendpluralism."Theaimofthosewhotrytocontrolthoughtisalwaysthesame,"hewrote."Theyfindonesingleexplanationoftheworld,onesystemofthoughtandactionthatwill（theybelieve）covereverything;andthentheytrytoimposethatonallthinkingpeople."

Aboveall,hewasdevotedtolearningfromthepast."Historyisastrangeexperience,"hewroteintheintroductiontoanessayonByzantium."Theworldisquitesmallnow;buthistoryislargeanddeep.Sometimesyoucangomuchfartherbysittinginyourownhomeandreadingabookofhistory,thanbygettingontoashiporanairplaneandtravelingathousandmiles.WhenyougotoMexicoCitythroughspace,youfinditasortofcrossbetweenmodernMadridandmodernChicago,withadditionsofitsown;butifyougotoMexicoCitythroughhistory,backonly500years,youwillfinditasdistantasthoughitwereonanotherplanet:

inhabitedbycultivatedbarbarians,sensitiveandcruel,highlyorganizedandstillintheCopperAge,acollectionofstartling,ofunbelievablecontrasts."Despitethis,asHighetshowedaboveallinhismasterpieceTheClassicalTradition,itwaspossibletodiscoverinthepastagreathumanizingriveroflearningwhichconnectedthepresenttotheBiblicalandespeciallytheGreekandRomancivilizations,andthroughhismarvelouslyevocative,gracefulprosetomakeonefeelathomeinthatflowofpastlives,andtolongforit.Highettendedtobecriticalofcontemporaryliterature,attributingtoitdecadentqualities.

Hehimselfwasagreatteacher.RobertJ.Ball,inanappreciationundertheheadingLivingLegaciespublishedin2001intheColumbiaUniversityAlumniMagazine,wrote:

"WhenGilbertHighetenteredtheclassroom,onefeltasthoughthecurtainweregoinguponaBroadwayplay,withalivinglegendinthelead.Heremindedstudents（notsurprisingly）ofaBritishArmyofficer—ofthekindportrayedbyJackHawkinsinmotionpictures—tall,erect,handsome,clean-shaven,andimpeccablydressed.Heconsistentlygavehisaudienceacommandingperformance,whetherhespokeorsangorstoodorwalked,withapresencecomparabletothatofLaurenceOlivierorJohnHouseman....Withhispowerfulandspeculativemind,hegavehisstudentsanextraordinaryintellectualexperience,cappedbyashowmanshipperhapsunparalleledintheAmericancollegeclassroom."

Works

Highetwrotevoluminously.Heisrememberedtodayfor:

∙AnOutlineofHomer（1935）

∙TheClassicalTradition:

GreekandRomanInfluencesonWesternLiterature（1949）

∙TheArtofTeaching（1950）

∙Man'sUnconquerableMind（1954）

∙JuvenaltheSatirist:

AStudy（1954）

∙TheAnatomyofSatire（1962）

∙TheImmortalProfession:

TheJoysofTeachingandLearning（1976）

∙Anothersolution（1951）oneofHighet'sfewfictionalpieces,publishedinHarper'sMagazine.

II.TeachingTips

1.Sincethepassageseemseasybutactuallynotso,theteachershouldencouragethestudentsto

understandtherichmeaningoftheessayandrelateittoourlife'sexperience,today'srealitiesas

wellasthetraditionaldebatesamongourownphilosophers;

2.Helpthestudentstofindoutmoreaboutthetwocharactersinthepassage.Soitmightbeagoodideatoencouragethemtosearchtheinformationonline,thustheywouldlikethetextallthebetter;

3.Askthestudentstomakecommentsonthesubjectofthetext.

III.TheDetailedDiscussionoftheText:

1.Lyingonthebareearth,……butnottheother.

1）bare（a.）:

withouttheusualcoveringorprotection

缺少遮盖的；没有保护的

eg.thebarefloor:

thefloorwithoutcarpets,rugs,etc.光地板（无地毯等）

thebarehillside:

thehillsidewithoutshrubsortrees光秃的山坡（无树木或灌木丛）

2）lunatic（n.）:

aninsaneperson;someonewhoisextremelyfoolishorreckless

精神失常者；疯子

eg.lunaticasylum（alsomentalhospital）疯人院；精神病院

3）Hewasone,butnottheother.:

Hewasabeggar,butnotalunaticperson.

2.Hehadopenedhiseyes……scoopedfromthespring.

1）withthesunatdawn:

Thisisanabsoluteconstructionformedbyanounplusaprepositionalphrase.

2）…donehisbusinesslikeadogattheroadside,……

Paraphrase:

Hehademptiedhisbowelsorpassedwater（urinated）likeadogattheroadside,……

Itisinterestingtoobservehoweuphemismswork.However,thetechnicaltermsfortheChineseword"大便"are"excretion"and"feces"whereasthecommonwordusedis"shit"

3）eatenthemsquattingontheground,……

Heretheverb"squat"means"sitonone'sheelsoronthegroundwiththekneesdrawnupunderorclosetothebody"蹲下；收膝而坐

eg.Theoldmansquatteddownbythefire.

老人蹲在炉火旁边。

Herethephrase"squattingontheground"isusedasanattendingcircumstancemodifying"eatenthem".

4）handful（n.）:

Here"ful"isusedasanounsuffix

eg.amouthfulofrice

aspoonfulofhoney

aglassfulofoil

5）scoopedfromthespring（apastparticiplephraseusedasattribute,modifying"water"）:

pickedupwaterfromthespringbythetwohandsformedlikeascoop将双手像勺子一样捧起几捧泉水

3.Longagohehadowned……hollowedhands.

1）rough（a.）:

havinganunevenorirregularsurface;notlevelorsmooth粗糙的；不平滑的

eg.aroughstonewall凹凸不平的石墙

roughhands粗糙的手

roughwoolencloth粗糙的毛料布

2）hollowed（a.）:

formedintoaholeoremptyspaceinside形成中空形状的或凹形的

4.Havingnoworktogoto……foranhourortwo.

1）providefor（sb）:

supplysb.Withwhatheneeds,esp.thebasicnecessitiesoflife

供应某人所需（尤指基本的生活必需品）

eg.Theyworkedhardtoprovidefortheirlargefamily.

他们努力工作以供养一大家子人。

Haseverymemberofthefamilybeenequallyprovidedfor?

家庭的每位成员都一样衣食无忧吗？

2）fillupwith（sborsth）:

（causeto）becomecompletelyfullbecauseof（sborsth）

（使得…）因为…而完全充满

eg.Theswimmingpoolisfilledupwithmud.

游泳池里被灌满了泥浆。

We'llhavetofillupthepagewithphotographs.

我们得把这一页贴满照片。

3）strollthrough（aplace）:

walkthrough（aplace）inaslowandleisurelyway

漫步或闲逛地穿过（某地）

eg.Theyoungcouplestrolledthroughtheparkinthemoonlight.

这对年轻夫妇沐浴着月光，漫步地穿过小花园。

5.Everybodyknewhim,……stonesandabuse.

1）knowsb/sth:

bequitefamiliarwiththepersonorthe

knowofsb:

haveread,heardorbeentoldaboutsb

eg.Idon'tknowhimpersonally,thoughIknowofhim.

我并不认识他，但我听说过他。

Cf.hearofsborsth:

betoldaboutorhaveknowledgeofsb/sth

听说或知道有关某人或某事的情况

2）throwsharpquestionsatsb:

asksbsomeharshorseverequestions

问某人一些尖锐的问题

3）threwbitsoffood,…gotscantthanks;…amischievouspebble…ashowerofstoneandabuse

（Noticetheparallelstructureoftheabovesentence）

4）scant（a.）:

hardlyenough;notverymuch

不足的；缺少的

eg.payscantattentiontosb'sadvice

不太重视某人的劝告

showscantregardformyfeelings

不大理会我的感情

5）gotscantthanks:

Paraphrase:

Heseldomexpressedhisthankstothepeoplewhohadofferedhimsomefood

6）amischievouspebble:

apebblefromamischievousperson

7）ashowerofsth:

alargenumberofthingsfallingorarrivingtogether

同时到来的大量的事物

eg.ashowerofrain/sleet/hail

一阵突然而至的雨，雨夹雪或冰雹

ashowerofarrows/dust/ash

一阵乱箭，灰尘或灰烬

ashowerofinsults,blessings

一番侮辱，祝福

8）abuse（n.）:

rude,angryandoffensiveremarks

骂人的话

6.Theywerenotquitesure……Nowhewasbackathishome.

Paraphrase:

Someweremadaboutwealth;somethirstedforpower;somewerecrazyaboutsex……

1）theyamusedhim

Paraphrase:

Thesemadorinsanepeoplemadehimthinkthattheywereallridiculous.

7.Itwasnotahouse,notevenasquatter'shut.

1）squatter（n.）:

apersonwholivesinanemptybuildingoronapieceoflandwithoutpermission

andwithoutpayinganyrent.Asquatter'shutnaturallyisinpoorcondition

擅自占用空建筑或临时占地而建造的人居住的简易小窝棚

8.Hethoughteverybodylived……anxiousl