英语词汇学知识点归纳.docx

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英语词汇学知识点归纳

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英语词汇学知识点归纳(总10页)

EnglishLexicology(英语词汇学)

Lexicology:

isabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.

Chapter1--Basicconceptsofwordsandvocabulary

Word:

Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.

(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage

(2)asoundunity(3)aunitofmeaning(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence

Soundandmeaning:

almostarbitrary,“nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself”

Soundandform:

不统一的四个原因

(1)theEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachother

(2)thepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears

(3)someofthedifferencewerecreatesbytheearlyscribes

(4)theborrowingsisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary

词汇Vocabulary:

allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabulary

词语分类ClassificationofEnglishWords:

1.Byusefrequency:

basicwordstock&nonbasicvocabulary

基本词汇的特征:

1)All-Nationalcharacter(全民通用性mostimportant)2)Stability

3)Productivity(多产性)4)Polysemy(多义性)5)Collocability(可搭配性)

没有上述特征的词:

(1)Terminology(术语)

(2)Jargon(行话)(3)slang(俚语)(4)Argot(暗语)(5)Dialectalwords(6)Archaisms(古语)(7)Neologisms(新词语):

Neologisms

2.Bynotion:

contentwords实词&functionalwords虚词

3.Byorigin:

nativewords&borrowedwords

Nativewords(本族语词):

Twootherfeatures:

(1)neutralinstyle

(2)frequentinuse

Borrowedwords/Loanwords:

wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguages.(80%ofmodernEV)

1)denizens(同化词,融入英语):

(shirtfromskyrta(ON))

2)aliens(非同化词/外来词,可以看出源头):

kowtow

3)translationloans(译借词):

按其他语言方式组成英语longtimenosee/tofu

4)semanticloans(借义词):

theyarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,buttheirmeaningsareborrowedpioneer本指开拓者,先引申为先锋。

Chapter2thedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary

印欧语系TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily

TheEightGroupsinIndo-EuropeanFamilyofLanguages(8大印欧语群)

TheEasternset:

(1)TheBalto-slavicGroup(波罗的-斯拉夫语族):

Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czechetc.

(2)TheIndo-IranianGroup(印度-伊朗语族):

Hindi,Bengali,Persianetc.

(3)TheArmenianGroup(亚美尼亚语族):

Armenian.

(4)TheAlbanianGroup(阿尔巴尼亚语族):

Albanian.

TheWesternset:

(5)TheHellenicGroup(古希腊语族):

Greek.

(6)TheItalianGroup(意大利语族):

Latin,Romancelanguages(French,Italian,Spanish,portuguese,Romanian)etc.

(7)TheCelticGroup(凯尔特语族):

Irish,Welsh,Bretonetc.

(8)TheGermanicGroup(日耳曼语族):

Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian,Swedish,Danish,Icelandic)etc.

三个发展阶段TheThreeStagesofDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary:

1OldEnglish(450-1100)(vocabulary50,000to60,000):

wasIhighinflectedlanguage.

2MiddleEnglish(1150-1500):

retainesmuchfewerinflections(1066法国开始入侵英国)

3ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow)始于印刷术

英语外来元素Foreignelements:

Latin(warandagriculture/罗马人把基督教带到英国churchterms)

Greek(science/sports/medicine/politics)

French(governmentandadministration/feudalism/religion/morality)

Scandinavian纳维亚人(nouns、pronouns/birds/sea)

Minorelements:

Italian、German、Dutch、SpanishandPortuguese、Celtic

词汇的发展模式ModesofVocabularyDevelopment:

1)创造新词creation:

theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexisting.

2)旧词新义semanticchange:

createmanymorenewuseagesofthewords.

3)借用外来词borrowing:

constitutemerely6to7percentofallnewwords

 

Chapter3WordFormationI

词素Morpheme:

thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords

词素变体Allomorph:

isadifferentvariantformofamorpheme,differinphonologicalandspellingform,butatthesameinfunctionandmeaning

词素的分类TypeofMorpheme

(1)FreeMorphemes:

Afreemorphemeisonethatcanstandbyitself.(independent).

(2)BoundMorpheme:

Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitself.

FreeMorpheme=freeroot

Morpheme(词素)

Boundrootprefix

boundderivational派生suffix

affix

inflectional曲折

判断题:

affixmustbeboundmorphemes√

不是所有的词都需要自由词素√per-ceivetrans-latere-mit

大部分词语是派生的√

词根和词干

Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.

Astemisthesurpluspartafterthecuttingofinflectionalmorphemeinawordwithinflectionalmorphemes,canbefurtheranalyzed,itsometimescouldbearoot.

Chapter4Word-FormationII(构词法)

词缀法(Derivation派生法):

theformationofwordsbyaddingword-formaingorderivationalaffixestostem.

(1)Prefixation:

It'stheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixestostems.

1)Negativeprefixes(否定):

un-,non-,in-,dis,a-,il-,ir-,im-,(notobey)

2)Reversativeprefixes(逆反前缀):

un-,de-,dis-etc.unwrap(open)

3)Pejorativeprefixes:

mis(贬义):

mal-,pseudo-(badbehavior)

4)Prefixesofdegreeorsize(程度前缀):

arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,

mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect.overweight

5)Prefixesoforientationandattitude(倾向):

contra-,counter-,anti-,pro-

6)Locativeprefixes(方位):

extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-,etc.extraordinary

oftimeandorder(时间和顺序前缀):

fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-etc.monorail(onerail)

8)Numberprefixes(数字前缀):

uni-,mono-,bi-,di-,tri-,multi-,poly-,semi-,

9)Miscellaneousprefixes(混杂前缀):

auto-,neo-,pan-,

(2)Suffixation(后缀法):

It'stheformationofanewwordbyaddingsuffixestostems.

1)nounsuffixes2)adjectivesuffixes3)Adverbsuffixes4)verbsuffixes

复合法(alsocalledcomposition)

Compounding:

istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems

Compoundsarewritteninthreeways:

solid连写(airmail),hyphenated带连字符(air-conditioning)andopen分开写(airforce,airraid)

Formationofcompounds(复合词的形式)

(1)nouncompounds:

.:

air+plane=airplane,flower+pot=flowerpot

(2)adjectivecompounds:

.acid+head=acid-head

(3)verbcompounds:

.house+keep=housekeep

转类法

Conversion:

istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.(功能转换,又叫零派生.functionalshift/zero-derivation)

拼缀法

Blending:

istheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.:

smoke+fog=smog,formula+translation=FORTRAN

截短法

Clipping:

istoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsplanefromairplane,phonefromtelephone.四种形式:

1).Frontclippings(phonefromtelephone)2).Backclippings(dormfromdormitory)

3).Frontandbackclippings(flufrominfluenza)4).Phraseclippings(popfrompopularmusic)

首字母缩写法

Acronymy:

istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.

(1)Initialism(首字母缩写词法):

BBC(forBritishBroadcastingcorporation)

(2)Acronym(首字母拼音法):

TEFL(teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguage)

(逆生法,逆构词)(greedfromgreedy)

FromProperName(专有名词转成法):

.:

watt(瓦特,电功率单位)

Chapter5WordMeaning

Reference(所指):

Itistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheword.Itisthearbitraryandconventional.Itisakindofabstraction,yetwiththehelpofcontext,itcanrefertosomethingspecific.

Concept(概念):

whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition(认识),reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.

Sense(意义):

Itdenotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.‘Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.’

Motivation(理据):

Itaccountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.

1)Onomatopoeicmotivation(拟声理据):

wordswhosesoundssuggesttheirmeaning,forthesewordswerecreatesbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.Knowingthesoundsofthewordsmeansunderstandingthemeaning..:

bang,ping-pong,haha.

2)Morphologicalmotivation(形态理据):

multi-morphemicwordsandthemeaningofmanyarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombines..:

airmail,miniskirt.例外:

blackmarket,ect.

3)Semanticmotivation(词义理据):

referstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.:

thefootofthemountain(foot)

4)Etymologicalmotivation(词源理据):

thehistoryofthewordexplainsthemeaningoftheword.:

pen-feather

词义的类别Typesofmeaning

1.语法意义GrammaticalMeaning:

indicatesthegrammaticalconceptorrelationships

2.词汇意义LexicalMeaning:

Conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning

4types:

Connotative、Stylistic、Affective(appreciative&pejorative)、Collocative

Chapter6--Senserelationandsemanticfield(语义关系和语义场)

多义关系的两种研究方法Twoapproachedtopolysemy

1.历时方法diachronicapproach:

fromthediachronicpointofview,polysemyisassumedtobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthesemanticstructureofoneandsameword.Firstmeaningistheprimarymeaning,thelatermeaningsarecalledderivedmeanings.

2.共时方法synchronicapproach:

synchronically,polysemyisviewedasthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime.基本意义是centralmeaning,次要意义是derivedmeaning.

词义的两种发展类型Twoprocessesofdevelopment

1.radiation(辐射型):

isasemanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecentreandthesecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerayes.:

face,neck)

2.连锁型concatenation:

isthesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovegraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshiftsuntilthereisnotasignofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichthetermhadatthebeginning.:

treacle)

3.Inradiation,eachofthederivedmeaningisdirectlyconnectedtotheprimarymeaning.Inconcatenation,eachofthelatermeaningisrelatedonlytotheprecedingonelikechains.Thoughthelatestsensecanbetracedbacktotheoriginal,thereisnodirectconnectioninbetween.

4.Theyarecloselyrelated,beingdifferentstagesofthedevelopmentleadin

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