英语词汇学》知识点归纳.docx

英语词汇学》知识点归纳.docx

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英语词汇学》知识点归纳

EnglishLexicology（英语词汇学）

Lexicology（词汇学）:

isabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.

TheNatureandScopeofEnglishlexicology：

EnglishlexicologyaimsatinvestigatingandstudyingthemorphologicalstructuresofEnglishwordsandwordequivalents,theirsemanticstructures,relations,historicaldevelopment,formationandusages.

ThesubjectsthatEnglishLexicologycorrelatedwithandextentto：

EnglishLexicologyiscorrelatedwithsuchlinguisticdisciplinesasmorphology（形态学）,semantics（语义学）,etymology（词源学）,stylistics（文体论）andlexicography（词典学）

ThereasonforastudenttostudyEnglishlexicology：

Accordingtothetextbook,EnglishLexicologywilldefinitelybebeneficialforstudentsofEnglish.

AgoodknowledgeofmorphologicalstructuresofEnglishwordsandrulesofword-formationwillhelplearnersdeveloptheirpersonalvocabularyandconsciouslyincreasetheirwordpower.Theinformationofthehistoricaldevelopmentandtheprinciplesofclassificationwillgivethemadeeperunderstandingofword-meaningandenablethemtoorganize,classifyandstorewordsmoreeffectively.Theunderstandingandtheirsenserelationswillgraduallyraisetheirawarenessofmeaningandusage,andenablethemusewordsmoreaccuratelyandappropriately.Aworkingknowledgeofdictionarieswillimprovetheirskillsofusingreferencebooksandraisetheirproblem-solvingabilityandefficiencyofindividualstudy.

Chapter1--Basicconceptsofwordsandvocabulary

Word（词的定义）:

Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.

（1）aminimalfreeformofalanguage

（2）asoundunity（3）aunitofmeaning（4）aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence

Soundandmeaning（声音与意义）:

almostarbitrary,“nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself”

Soundandform（读音和形式）:

不统一的四个原因

（1）theEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachother

（2）thepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears（3）someofthedifferencewerecreatesbytheearlyscribes（4）theborrowingsisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary

Vocabulary（词汇）:

allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabulary

ClassificationofEnglishWords：

Byusefrequency:

basicwordstock&nonbasicvocabulary

Bynotion:

contentwords&functionalwords

Byorigin:

nativewords&borrowedwords

Thebasicwordstock（基本词汇）:

isthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.ThoughitconstituteasmallpercentageoftheEV,itisthemostimportantpartofvocabulary.

TheFundamentalFeaturesoftheBasicWordStock（基本词汇的特征）:

1）All-Nationalcharacter（全民通用性mostimportant）2）Stability（相对稳定性）

3）Productivity（多产性）4）Polysemy（多义性）5）Collocability（可搭配性）

没有上述特征的words:

（1）Terminology（术语）

（2）Jargon（行话）（3）slang（俚语）（4）Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectalwords（方言）（6）Archaisms（古语）（7）Neologisms（新词语）:

Neologismsmeansnewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.（email）

Contentwords/notionalwords实词（cloud,runwalk,never,five,frequently）andfunctionalwords/emptywords虚词（on,of,and,be,but）

NativeWordsandBorrowedWords

Nativewords（本族语词）:

knownasAnglo-Saxonwords（50,000-60,000）,arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe5thcenturybytheGermanictribes.（mainstreamofthebasicword-stocks）.Twootherfeatures:

（1）neutralinstyle

（2）frequentinuse

Borrowedwords/Loanwords（外来语词）:

wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguages.（80%ofmodernEV）

4Typesofloanwords:

1）denizens（同化词）:

（shirtfromskyrta（ON））

2）aliens（非同化词/外来词）:

areborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling（kowtow（CH）磕头）

3）translationloans（译借词）:

按其他语言方式组成英语longtimenosee（fromChina）

4）semanticloans（借义词）：

theyarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,buttheirmeaningsareborrowed

Chapter2thedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary

TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily（印欧语系）

TheEightGroupsinIndo-EuropeanFamilyofLanguages（8大印欧语群）

TheEasternset:

（1）TheBalto-slavicGroup（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：

Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czechetc.

（2）TheIndo-IranianGroup（印度-伊朗语族）：

Hindi,Bengali,Persianetc.

（3）TheArmenianGroup（亚美尼亚语族）：

Armenian.

（4）TheAlbanianGroup（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：

Albanian.

TheWesternset:

（5）TheHellenicGroup（古希腊语族）：

Greek.

（6）TheItalianGroup（意大利语族）：

Latin,Romancelanguages（French,Italian,Spanish,portuguese,Romanian）etc.

（7）TheCelticGroup（凯尔特语族）：

Irish,Welsh,Bretonetc.

（8）TheGermanicGroup（日耳曼语族）：

Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian（Norweigian,Swedish,Danish,Icelandic）etc.

TheThreeStagesofDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary:

1OldEnglish（450-1100）（vocabulary50,000to60,000）:

wasIhighinflectedlanguage.

2MiddleEnglish（1150-1500）:

retainesmuchfewerinflections

3ModernEnglish（1500-uptonow）:

infactmorethan25%ofmodernEwordscomealmostdirectlyfromclassicallanguages.InModernE,wordsendingsweremostlylostwithjustafewexpections.Englishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguage（OldEnglish）tothepresentanalyticlanguage.

ModesofVocabularyDevelopment（词汇的发展模式）:

1）creation创造新词：

theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelytoots,affixesandotherelements.（最重要方式）

2）semanticchange旧词新义:

doesnotincreasethenumberofwordformsbutcreatemanymorenewuseagesofthewords.

3）borrowing借用外来词:

constitutemerely6to7percentofallnewwords

RevivingwordsorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothegrowthofEnglishvocabularythoughquiteinsignificant.

Chapter3WordFormationI

Morpheme（词素）:

thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords

Allomorph（词素变体）:

isadifferentvariantformofamorpheme，differinphonologicalandspellingform,butatthesameinfunctionandmeaning

TypeofMorpheme（词素的分类）

（1）FreeMorphemes（自由词素）:

havecompletemeaninginthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.Afreemorphemeisonethatcanstandbyitself.（independent）.

（2）BoundMorpheme（粘着语素）:

Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitself.

BoundMorphemeincludestwotypes:

（1）boundroot（粘附词根）

（2）Affix（词缀）

Affixescanbeputintotwogroups:

1）Inflectionalaffixes（屈折词缀）:

affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.

2）Derivationalaffixes（派生词缀）:

A）prefix:

Aprefixcomesbeforewords.B）suffix:

Anadjectivesuffix（形容词后缀）thatisaddedtothestem,whateverclassisbelongsto,theresultwillbeanadjective.

FreeMorpheme=freeroot（自由词根）

Morpheme（词素）

Boundrootprefix

boundderivational

affixsuffix

inflectional

Rootandstem（词根和词干）

Thedifferencesbetweenrootandstem:

Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.

Astemisthesurpluspartafterthecuttingofinflectionalmorphemeinawordwithinflectionalmorphemes,canbefurtheranalyzed,itsometimescouldbearoot.

Chapter4Word-FormationII（构词法）

1.Affixation词缀法（Derivation派生法）：

theformationofwordsbyaddingword-formaingorderivationalaffixestostem.

（1）Prefixation（前缀法）：

It'stheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixestostems.

1）Negativeprefixes（否定前缀）:

un-,non-,in-,dis,a-,il-,ir-,im-,etc.disobey（notobey）

2）Reversativeprefixes（逆反前缀）:

un-,de-，dis-etc.unwrap（open）

3）Pejorativeprefixes:

mis（贬义前缀）：

mis-，mal-,pseudo-etc.misconduct（badbehaviour）

4）Prefixesofdegreeorsize（程度前缀）：

arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect.overweight

5）Prefixesoforientationandattitude（倾向态度前缀）:

contra-,counter-,anti-,pro-etc.anti-nuclear

6）Locativeprefixes（方位前缀）:

extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-,etc.extraordinary（morethanordinary）

7）Prefixesoftimeandorder（时间和顺序前缀）:

fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-etc.monorail（onerail）

8）Numberprefixes（数字前缀）:

uni-，mono-,bi-，di-,tri-,multi-，poly-，semi-，etc.bilingual（concerningtwolanguages）

9）Miscellaneousprefixes（混杂前缀）：

auto-,neo-,pan-,vice-.vice-chairman（deputychairman）

（2）Suffixation（后缀法）:

It'stheformationofanewwordbyaddingsuffixestostems.

1）nounsuffixes2）adjectivesuffixes3）Adverbsuffixes4）verbsuffixes

2.Compounding复合法（alsocalledcomposition）

Compounding:

istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems

Compoundsarewritteninthreeways:

solid连写（airmail），hyphenated带连字符（air-conditioning）andopen分开写（airforce,airraid）

Formationofcompounds（复合词的形式）

（1）nouncompounds：

e.g.:

air+plane=airplane,flower+pot=flowerpot

（2）adjectivecompounds：

e.g.acid+head=acid-head

（3）verbcompounds：

e.g.house+keep=housekeep

3.Conversion转类法

Conversion:

istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.（功能转换，又叫零派生.functionalshift/zero-derivation）

4.Blending拼缀法

Blending:

istheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.e.g:

motor+hotel=motel,smoke+fog=smog,formula+translation=FORTRAN

5.Clipping截短法

四种形式：

1）.Frontclippings删节前面（phonefromtelephone）

2）.Backclippings删节后面（dormfromdormitory）

3）.Frontandbackclippings前后删节（flufrominfluenza）

4）.Phraseclippings短语删节（popfrompopularmusic）

6.Acronymy首字母缩写法

Acronymy:

istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.

（1）Initialism（首字母缩写词法）:

initialismsarewordspronouncedletterbyletter.e.g.:

BBC（forBritishBroadcastingcorporation）

（2）Acronym（首字母拼音法）:

Acronymsarewordsformedfrominitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword.E.g.:

TEFL（teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguage）

7.Back-formation（逆生法，逆构词）

Back-formationisconsideredtobetheoppositeprocessofsuffixation.