考研英语第15套题.docx

考研英语第15套题.docx

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考研英语第15套题

第十五套题

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

Text106.8

Scholasticthinkersheldawidevarietyofdoctrinesinbothphilosophyandtheology,thestudyofreligion.WhatgivesunitytothewholeScholasticmovement,theacademicpracticeinEuropefromthe9thtothe17thcenturies,arethecommonaims,attitudes,andmethodsgenerallyacceptedbyallitsmembers.ThechiefconcernoftheScholasticswasnottodiscovernewfactsbuttointegratetheknowledgealreadyacquiredseparatelybyGreekreasoningandChristianrevelation.ThisconcernisoneofthemostcharacteristicdifferencesbetweenScholasticismandmodernthoughtsincetheRenaissance.

ThebasicaimoftheScholasticsdeterminedcertaincommonattitudes,themostimportantofwhichwastheirconvictionofthefundamentalharmonybetweenreasonandrevelation.TheScholasticsmaintainedthatbecausethesameGodwasthesourceofbothtypesofknowledgeandtruthwasoneofhischiefattributes,hecouldnotcontradicthimselfinthesetwowaysofspeaking.Anyapparentoppositionbetweenrevelationandreasoncouldbetracedeithertoanincorrectuseofreasonortoaninaccurateinterpretationofthewordsofrevelation.BecausetheScholasticsbelievedthatrevelationwasthedirectteachingofGod,itpossessedforthemahigherdegreeoftruthandcertaintythandidnaturalreason.Inapparentconflictsbetweenreligiousfaithandphilosophicreasoning,faithwasthusalwaysthesupremearbiter;thetheologiansdecisionoverruledthatofthephilosopher.Aftertheearly13thcentury,Scholasticthoughtemphasizedmoretheindependenceofphilosophywithinitsowndomain.Nonetheless,throughouttheScholasticperiod,philosophywascalledtheservantoftheology,notonlybecausethetruthofphilosophywassubordinatedtothatoftheology,butalsobecausethetheologianusedphilosophytounderstandandexplainrevelation.

ThisattitudeofScholasticismstandsinsharpcontrasttotheso-calleddouble-truththeoryoftheSpanish-ArabphilosopherandphysicianAverroёs.HistheoryassumedthattruthwasaccessibletobothphilosophyandIslamictheologybutthatonlyphilosophycouldattainitperfectly.Theso-calledtruthsoftheologyserved,hence,asimperfectimaginativeexpressionsforthecommonpeopleoftheauthentictruthaccessibleonlytophilosophy.Averroёsmaintainedthatphilosophictruthcouldevencontradict,atleastverbally,theteachingsofIslamictheology.

Asaresultoftheirbeliefintheharmonybetweenfaithandreason,theScholasticsattemptedtodeterminetheprecisescopeandcompetenceofeachofthesefaculties.ManyearlyScholastics,suchastheItalianecclesiasticandphilosopherSt.Anselm,didnotclearlydistinguishthetwoandwereoverconfidentthatreasoncouldprovecertaindoctrinesofrevelation.Later,attheheightofthematureperiodofScholasticism,theItaliantheologianandphilosopherSt.ThomasAquinasworkedoutabalancebetweenreasonandrevelation.［457words］

1.WiththeScholastics,thesearchfornewknowledge.

［A］stoppedcompletely［B］sloweddown

［C］advancedrapidly［D］awakedgradually

2.Whichofthefollowingbestillustratestherelationbetweenreasonandrevelation?

［A］Theyaresimplyidentical.［B］Revelationguidesreason.

［C］Theyareoccasionallycontradictory.［D］Reasonisusedtoperfectrevelation.

3.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2ofthetextthat.

［A］thepositionofphilosophyasahumbleservantwasaccepted

［B］religionhadturnedintoahampertothefunctioningofphilosophy

［C］philosophersoftenquotedrevelationtosupportthemselves

［D］philosophersweresometimesreferredtoinreligiouspractice

4.Averroёsheldthat.

［A］Islamictheologywasoftensubordinatetophilosophy

［B］religioustruthwasnothingbutimaginativefantasy

［C］realtruthwasinaccessibletomanycommonpeople

［D］imperfectexpressionswereresultofflawedreligion

5.Whichofthefollowingismostlikelytobediscussedinthepartsucceedingthistext?

［A］RelationsofSt.T.Aquinas’achievementstopreviousefforts.

［B］HowSt.T.Aquinasworkedoutinthebalanceindiscussion.

［C］Otherendeavorsontherelationshipofreasonandrevelation.

［D］OutstandingfeaturesofthematureperiodofScholasticism.

Text206.5

Therehavebeenrumors.There’sbeengossip.AllHollywoodisshockedtolearnthatCalistaFlockhart,starofFox’shitTVshowAllyMcBeal,issothin.AndweinthemediaarefallingalloverourselvestryingtofigureoutwhetherFlockharthasaneatingdisorder,especiallynowthatshehasdeniedit.Well,I’mnotplayingthegame.Iftheentertainmentindustryreallycaredaboutsendingthewrongmessageonbodyimage,itwouldn’tneedsomanyslendercelebritiesinthefirstplace.

Butthefactremainsthat2millionAmericans—mostofthemwomenandgirls—dosufferfromeatingdisorders.Inthemostextremecasestheyliterallystarvethemselvestodeath.Andthosewhosurviveareatgreaterriskofdevelopingbrittlebones,life-threateninginfections,kidneydamageandheartproblems.Fortunately,doctorshavelearnedalotoverthepastdecadeaboutwhatcauseseatingdisordersandhowtotreatthem.

Thenumbersareshocking.Approximately1in150teenagegirlsintheU.S.fallsvictimtoanorexianervosa,broadlydefinedastherefusaltoeatenoughtomaintainevenaminimalbodyweight.Notsoclearishowmanymoresufferfrombulimia,inwhichtheybingeonfood,eatingperhapstwoorthreedays’worthofmealsin30minutes,thenremovetheexcessbytakingmedicinetomovethebowelsorinducingvomiting.Nordoesagenecessarilyprotectyou.Anorexiahasbeendiagnosedingirlsasyoungaseight.Mostdeathsfromtheconditionoccurinwomenover45.

Doctorsusedtothinkeatingdisorderswerepurelypsychological.Nowtheyrealizethere’ssomeproblematicbiologyaswell.InastudypublishedintheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatryrecently,researchersfoundabnormallevelsofserotonin,aneurotransmitterinthebrain,inwomenwhohadbeenfreeofbulimiaforatleastayear.Thatmayhelpexplainwhydrugshaveallowedalotofpeopletostopswallowinginlargedosesoffood.Unfortunately,thepillsdon’tworkaswellfordenialoffood.Nordotheyofferasimpleone-stopcure.Health-careworkersmustre-educatetheirpatientsinhowtoeatandthinkaboutfood.

Howcanyoutellifsomeoneyoulovehasaneatingdisorder?

“Bulimicswilloftenleaveevidencearoundasiftheywanttogetcaught.”SaysTamaraPryor,directorofaneating-disordersclinicattheUniversityofKansasinWichita.Anorexics,bycontrast,aremorelikelytogothroughlongperiodsofdenial.［430words］

6.Wecaninferfromthefirstparagraphthat.

［A］themediahasmisleadthepublic’sviewofcelebrities

［B］thereismuchmisunderstandingabouteatingdisorders

［C］bodyimageconcernsareanindicationofeatingdisorders

［D］theentertainmentindustryiscombatingeatingdisorders

7.Thevictimsofeatingdisorders,moreoftenthannot,will.

［A］starvethemselvestodeath［B］suffergreatlyfromthecomplications

［C］puzzledoctorsintheyearstocome［D］recovercompletelywithnoaftereffects

8.Theword“binge”（Paragraph3）mostprobablymeans.

［A］eatexcessively［B］refusetoeat

［C］failtodigest［D］enjoyagoodappetite

9.Bulimiaisfoundtobe.

［A］relatedtothelevelofserotonin

［B］psychologicalratherthanbiological

［C］identicalwithanorexianervosainthecure

［D］aleadingcauseofdeathamongmiddle-agedwomen

10.Thewaytofindapersonwitheatingdisorders.

［A］focusesonhiddensymptoms［B］varieswithtypeofthecondition

［C］isorientedatthevictim’sresponse［D］remainsperplexingdespiteeffortsmade

Text307.8

Songscanhaveapowerfuleffectonpeople.Play“Gypsies,TrampsandThieves”tomanybabyboomers,forexample,andchancesarethey’llrunoff,handsovertheirears.Songscanhaveapowerfuleffectamongbirds,too.Considertheblack-cappedchickadee.Whenitsingsits“chick-a-dee”song,itsflockmatescomerunning.Thesongisawarningthatahawk,owlorotherpredatorisperchednearby,andtheotherchickadeesarrivetoharasstheenemyuntilitleaves.

ResearchersfromtheUniversityofMontanahavediscoveredthatthiswarningcallisacodedsignal.Byvaryingthecall,abirdcommunicatestootherbirdsthesizeofthepredator,andthusthescopeofthedanger.“Thisissofarthemostfinelydetailedalarmcallsystemthatwe’vefound,”saidtheleadresearcher,ChristopherN.Templeton,whoisnowadoctoralstudentattheUniversityofWashington.ThefindingsappearinthecurrentissueofthejournalScience.

Mr.Templetonandhiscolleaguesexposedchickadeesto15differentspeciesofpredatorsandrecordedandanalyzedthecallsthebirdsmade.Inadditionto“chick-a-dee”,thebirdsmakeahigh-pitched“seet”callwhentheyspyapredatorflyingintheair.Uponhearingthiscall,theotherbirdseitherdiveforcoverorremainmotionlesssoasnottobespotted.Butit’sthe“chick-a-dee”callthattheresearchersfocusedon.“Theychangeanumberofdifferentfeaturesaboutthesecalls,”Mr.Templetonsaid.“Butmostarenotaudibletousexceptthenumberof‘dees’attheend.”

Theyfoundthatthebirdsvariedthenumberof“dee”soundsdependingonthesizeofthepredator.More“dees”—asmanyas21inonecase—weresoundedforsmallerpredatorsliketheNorthernpygmy-owl.Becausechickadeesaresmallandfast,smaller,moreagilepredatorsaremoreofathreatthanlargerones.

Themore“dees”,themorechickadeesshowuptoharassthepredator,bydive-bombingi