国际贸易地理知识.docx
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国际贸易地理知识
MapoftheWorld
●QuestionsGeographyasks:
-“Where?
”questions(descriptiveinventory)
Wherearethingslocated?
Whatistheirdistributionacrossthesurfaceoftheearth?
-“Why?
”and“How?
”questions(analyticalapproach)
Whyarethingslocatedwheretheyare?
Howdodifferentthingsrelatetooneanotherataspecificplace?
Howdodifferentplacesrelatetoeachother?
Howhavegeographicpatternsandrelationshipschangedovertime?
-Whatisgeography?
(amoreacademicdefinition)
Itisconcernedwithplace,describesthechangingpatternofplaces,andattemptstounravelthemeaningoftheevolvingofsuchpatterns.
Itseekstounderstandthephysicalandculturalfeaturesofplacesandtheirnaturalsettingsonthefaceoftheearth.
Thespatialdimensioniscentraltogeography.
Itusesadistinctivelanguage–thelanguageofmaps.
☺PartVI–themostinsightful&enlighteningpartthistableprovides:
Geographyhelpsustounderstandtheworld,theearthasitwas,itspasttense,toexploretheworldasitis,itspresenttense,andtothinkoftheworldasitmightbe,itsfuturetense.
TheCarnegieReportonHigherEducation(1991)setsforththealmostcertaindangersthatexistintheglobalfutureifwefailtoseetheworldasthus:
Theworldhasbecomeamorecrowded,moreinterconnected,morevolatileandmoreunstableplace.Ifeducationcannothelpstudentsseebeyondthemselvesandbetterunderstandtheinterdependentnatureofourworld,theneachgenerationwillremainignorant,anditscapacitytolivecompetentlyandresponsiblywillbedangerouslydiminished.(p.42)
●Maps
1.Somefundamentalconceptsofspaceandlocation
1)Propertiesofspace
Geographersconsidervariousdimensionsofspace:
One-dimensionalspace,
Three-dimensionalspace,
Two-dimensionalspacethatcanberepresentedonaplane,
Thespatialelementsofpoint,line,andareamaybeusedtodefinethebasicgeographicconceptsofdistance,direction,andconnectivity.
2)Twokindsoflocation
Absolutelocation(site)ispositioninrelationtoaconventionalgridsystem,suchaslatitudeandlongitudeorstreetaddresses;
Relativelocation(situation)ispositionwithrespecttootherlocations.Itisameasureofconnectivityandaccessibility,anditusuallychangesovertime.
Theconceptofrelativelocationisofgreaterinteresttoeconomicgeographersthanabsolutelocation.
2.Thelanguageofmaps
Cartographers&Cartography–agraphicportrayaloflocation
1)Scale
2)ParallelsofLatitude&MeridiansofLongitude
Bothlatitudeandlongitudearemeasuredindegrees,minutes,andseconds.
☞Equator–alatitudeof0︒
Allotherlatitudinallinesareparalleltotheequatorandtoeachotherandthereforearecalledparallels.Everypointonagivenparallelhasthesamelatitude.
Placesnorthoftheequatorareinnorthlatitude;orv.s.southlatitude.
TheNorthPoleis90︒N;theSouthPole90︒S.
Placesneartheequatorareinlowlatitude;Placesnearthepoles,highlatitude.
TheTropicofCancer,at23.5︒N,andtheTropicofCapricorn,at23.5︒S.
TheArcticCircle,at66.5︒N,andtheAntarcticCircle,at66.5︒S.
Placesbetweentropicandcirclelinesaresaidtobeinmiddlelatitude.
☞MeridianofGreenwichorprimemeridian–alongitudeof0︒
Meridiansoflongitudearestraightlinesconnectingthepoles.Everymeridianisdrawnduenorthandsouth.Theyconvergeatthepolesandarefarthestapartattheequator.
Placeseast(west)oftheprimemeridianareineast(west)longitude.
Themeridianof180︒,exactlyhalfwayaroundtheworldfromtheprimemeridian,istheotherdividinglinebetweenplaceseastandwestofGreenwich.
☞Thecombinationoflatitudeandlongitudegiveusabsolutelocation.
3.OurGlobe
☞NorthernHemispherecontainsthebulkoftheworld’slandandmostoftheprincipalcentersofpopulationandindustry,itthereforeiscalledthe“landhemisphere”,constitutes80%oftheworld’stotallandareaandhasapproximately91%oftheworld’spopulation.
☞SouthernHemisphere,or“waterhemisphere”,hasonly20%ofthelandand9%ofthepopulation.
4.Differentmaps,differentstandings,&differentperspectivesoftheworld
Center&Margin,orCore&Periphery(ethnocentrism)
●TheFieldofGeography
-Geographyasasynthesizingdiscipline
-GeographyofInternationalTrade
Inthecaseofthiscourse,itfocusesupononeoftheworld’smostimportanteconomicactivities,theinternationaltrade,andtherefore,itfallswithinthescopeofeconomicgeography.
-TrendsinEconomicGeography
Economicgeographyisconcernedwiththespatialorganizationanddistributionofeconomicactivity,theuseoftheworld’sresources,andthedistributionandexpansionoftheworldeconomy.
CommercialgeographydevelopedduringtheeraofEuropeanexplorationanddiscoveryfromthe15thcenturythroughthe19thcentury:
BritishscholarG.G.Chisholm(1899)
Hisstatedpurposeofcommercialgeography–tostimulateintellectualinterestingeographicfactsrelatingtotrade;
Hence,hisbookwasaninventoryofcommodityandtradestatistics,hisapproachwasmoredescriptivethananalytical.
Economicgeographywasaffectedby3majorthemesofgeography:
1)Human-environmentalrelations(flourisheduntil1930s),
environmentaldeterminism–Climates,disease,oreventhe“coloredraces”aresomeofthedeterminantsusedtojustifyeconomicactivities.
2)Arealdifferentiation(influentialfromthelate1930stothelate1950s),
Adoptingtheviewthatallgeographicphenomenawereuniqueandthattheorybuildingwasoflittlevalue;
Arealdifferentiation–differencesratherthansimilarities–amongplaces,resultedindetaileddescriptionsofproduction,exchange,andconsumptionwithvoluminousfactualdatainsomeofthegreatregionalwriting,overlookingtheneedforcomparativestudies.Arealdifferentiationdominatedgeographyattheexpenseofarealintegration.
3)Spatialorganization(nowthedominantapproach).
Howspaceisorganizedbyindividualsandsocietiestosuittheirowndesigns;Frameworkforanalyzingandinterpretinglocationdecisionsandspatialstructures;
Themajorityofresearchineconomicgeographytodayremainslocationtheoryandanalysis.Itaimstounderstand“what”productsandservicesareproducedand“how”theyareproduced(i.e.withwhatcombinationofresources),aswellas“where”theyareproducedand“whythere?
”Thethemeofspatialorganizationisparticularlyvaluableinhelpingustounderstandworlddevelopmentproblems.
PopulationandtheWorldEconomy
●PopulationProblemsintheWorldToday
✓Thestudyofpopulationiscriticallyimportantfor3reasons:
1.Morepeoplearealiveatthistime–6billion–thanatanypointinEarth’slonghistory.
2.Theworld’spopulationincreasedatafasterrateduringthe2ndhalfofthe20thcenturythaneverbeforeinhistory.
3.Virtuallyallglobalpopulationgrowthisconcentratedinlessdevelopedcountries(LDC).
✓Tostudythechallengeofincreasingthefoodsupply,reducingpollution,andencouragingeconomicgrowth,geographersmustaskwhereandwhyaregion’spopulationisdistributedasitis.
1.whereistheworld’spopulationdistributed?
2.wherehastheworld’spopulationincreased?
3.whyispopulationincreasingatdifferentratesindifferentcountries?
4.whymighttheworldfaceanoverpopulationproblem?
Geography’sfocusonansweringthewhereandwhyquestionshelpstoexplaintheglobalpopulationproblemandtosuggestsolutions.
✓theworld’soverpopulationproblem
1.Overpopulationproblemfromtheperspectiveofglobalization:
ThisproblemisnotsimplyamatterofthetotalnumberofpeopleonEarth,buttherelationshipbetweenthenumberofpeopleandtheavailabilityofresources.
Problemsarisewhenanarea’spopulationexceedsthecapacityoftheenvironmenttosupportthematanacceptablestandardofliving.
2.Overpopulationproblemfromtheperspectiveoflocaldiversity:
Overpopulationisathreatinsomeregionsoftheworldbutnotinothers.Someregionshaveafavorablebalancebetweenpeopleandavailableresources,whileothersdonot.Further,theregionswiththemostpeoplearenotnecessarilythesameastheregionswithanunfavorablebalancebetweenpopulationandresources.
●PopulationDistribution
1.Populationsizeandpopulationconcentrations
6billionpeople;
3/4oftheworld’spopulationliveononly5%ofEarth’ssurface(whichconsistsofoceansandlessintensivelyinhabitedland);
Theworld’spopulationisclusteredin5regions:
EastAsia,SouthAsia,SoutheastAsia,WesternEurope,andEasternNorthAmerica.Andthese5regionsdisplaysomesimilarities:
✓Mostoftheirpeoplelivenearanocean,ornearariverwitheasyaccesstoanocean,ratherthanintheinteriorlands.E.g.thePacificcoast,HuangandYangziRivervalleys,thecoastlinesoftheArabianSeaandtheBayofBengal(孟加拉湾),theplainsofGangesriver(恒河),Indo-china,theAtlanticcoastofNorthAmerica,theGreatLakes,etc.
✓Theyoccupygenerallylow-lyingareas(mid-latitudeesp.),withfertilesoilandtemperateclimate.TheyarealllocatedintheNorthernHemispherebetween10︒and50︒N,withtheexceptionofpartoftheSoutheastAsiaconcentration.
2.Sparselypopulatedregions
Certainphysicalenvironmentshavesomeinfluencesonpermanenthumansettlement.Relativelyfewpeopleliveinregionsthataretoodry,toowet,toocold,ortoomountainousforactivitiessuchasagriculture:
✓Drylands
Landsdeficientinmoisturearesparselysettled.Thelargestdesertregion,extendingfromNorthAfricatoSouthwestandCentralAsia,isknownbytheSahara,Arabian,TaklaMakan,andGobideserts.
Byconst