Gender-in-Translation.pdf

Gender-in-Translation.pdf

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GenderinTranslationGenderinTranslationisthefirstcomprehensivestudyoffeministissuesintranslationtheoryandpractice.SherrySimonshowshowwomentranslatorshavelongactedasliteraryactivists,creatingnewlinesoftransmissionandcontributingtoculturaldebates.ContemporaryfeministtranslatorshavehaddecisiveinfluenceinareassuchasFrenchfeminismandBibletranslation.Ininvestigatingtheroleofgenderintranslation,SherrySimonshowshowtranslationstudiescanbeenrichedbyaculturalstudiesframework.TranslationStudiesGeneraleditors:

SusanBassnettandAndrLefevereInthesameseries:

Translation,Rewriting,andtheManipulationofLiteraryFameAndrLefevereTranslation/History/CultureEditedbyAndrLefevereTranslation,PoeticsandtheStageSixFrenchHamletsRomyHeylenContemporaryTranslationTheoriesEdwinGentzlerTheTranslatorsInvisibilityLawrenceVenutiGenderinTranslationCulturalidentityandthepoliticsoftransmissionSherrySimonLondonandNewYorkFirstpublished1996byRoutledge11NewFetterLane,LondonEC4P4EE29West35thStreet,NewYork,NY10001ThiseditionpublishedintheTaylor&Francise-Library,2005.“TopurchaseyourowncopyofthisoranyofTaylor&FrancisorRoutledgescollectionofthousandsofeBookspleasegotowww.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”RoutledgeisanInternationalThomsonPublishingcompany1996SherrySimonAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers.BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataAcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryLibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationDataSimon,Sherry.Genderintranslation/SherrySimon.p.cm.（Translationstudies）Includesbibliographicalreferences.1.Translatingandinterpreting.2.LiteratureTranslating.3.Bible-Translating.4.Feminismandliterature.5.Feministtheology.6.Womentranslators.I.Title.II.Series:

Translationstudies418.02082dc20CIPISBN0-203-202899Mastere-bookISBNISBN0-203-266285（AdobeeReaderFormat）ISBN0-415-11535-3（hbk）0-415-11536-1（pbk）（London,England）PN241.S5341996961522ContentsPrefaceandacknowledgmentsviii1Takinggenderedpositionsintranslationtheory1Genderintranslationstudies7Engenderedtheory8Fidelityreconstrued11Authorityandresponsibility13Challenginggrammaticalgender15Translatingthesignifier:

NicoleBrossardandBarbaraGodard20Theviolenceofappropriation26Ideologicallyunfriendlytexts28Internationalcommunities30Thehistoricaldimension32Ethicsandthetranslatingsubject332Creatingnewlinesoftransmission37Whatisatranslator?

40Enterthetranslatress43AphraBehn:

“thetranslatressinherownpersonspeaks”49Womenandanti-slaverywritings55Culturalmediators58ConstanceGarnett:

thepowerofaname64Translatingrelationships67Womenattheborders783Missedconnections:

transportingFrenchfeminismtoAnglo-America81Isphallogocentriquethetranslationof“malechauvinistpig”?

83Inparallel:

DerrideanisminAmerica86Productivebetrayals:

HlneCixous89Translationbyaccretion93KristevaandIrigaray:

trialsofpassage96Arrivalatdestination101Missedconnections?

1034Correctivemeasures:

theBibleinfeministframe105Constituenciesofmeaning107First-wavefeminismandtheBible108BeginningwithGenesis111TheSongofSongs116Inclusivelanguage118Philosophyoftranslation1245Conclusion:

revisingtheboundariesofcultureandtranslation127The“culture”intheculturalturn130Gendertoculture:

GayatriSpivak133Producingdifference146Incompletetranslation152Newlogicsofexchange157viIndex183viiNotes159Bibliography167PrefaceandacknowledgmentsThisbookhadtwodifferentmomentsoforigin.Onewasrelativelyrecent;itcamewithmyrealizationthatidentitypoliticsmatteredfortranslation,andthatthisencounterhadyettobefullyexplored.Awholerangeofissuesseemedtobewaitingforexamination,andaninquiryoverdue.Theotherbeginningdatesbacksometenyears,andtakesplaceonanotherscene.Thiswasthemomentwhentheideaoffeministtranslationfirstemerged,inthespecificcontextoftheCanadianculturaldialogue.Thereisaspecialsatisfactioninbeingabletoidentifytheprecisemomentatwhichanewideaorintellectualprojectcameintobeing.Theinitialimpulseforthisbookcame,then,fromapaneldiscussionon“feministpoetics”thatIhelpedtoorganizein1986foraconferenceonliterarytranslation.Puttingtogetherthispanelwaseasy:

SusannedeLotbinire-Harwood,BarbaraGodardandKathyMezeihadallwritteninnovativetextsabouttranslationasafeministpractice.TheywereallactivecriticsandtranslatorsofQuebecavant-gardefeministwriting.Butitwasonlyasourdiscussionscametoanendthatwerealizedthatsomethingnewhademerged.ApracticewecouldcallCanadianfeministtranslationhadcomeintoexistence.Duringthelate1970sand1980stheworkoftranslationinCanadawasnourishedbyaremarkableconjunctionofelements.AstrongmovementofFrench-languagefeministexperimentalwritinginQuebecstimulatedthedesiretopromoteandtotheorize-activitiesofliterarymediation,andmadefeministtranslatorsactiveplayersintheliteraryandculturalfield.AsanewvariationinthedialoguebetweenQuebecandEnglishCanada,feministtranslationreactivatedthepoliticalconcernsofthisculturalexchange.Butittransformedthemaswell,stimulatinginnovativecreativepracticesandopeningupnewterritoriesofborderwriting.Translationbecameavitalsiteofculturalproduction.WhilethisbookgoesbeyondtheCanadianexperiencetoopenontothewidestissuesofgenderintranslation,itsperspectiveismarkedbythisinitialcontext.Translationisconsideredasamodeofengagementwithliterature,asakindofliteraryactivism.Whatwillbeemphasizedisthewayinwhichtranslatorscontributetoculturaldebatesandcreatenewlinesofculturalcommunication.Translatorsarenecessarilyinvolvedinapoliticsoftransmission,inperpetuatingorcontestingthevalueswhichsustainourliteraryculture.Identityissues,includinggender,havebecomeacrucialfactorinourunderstandingofculturetoday.Therelevanceofgenderquestionsfortranslationwasfirstarticulatedintermsofemotionalaffinities.ThediscussionsIheardonthesubjectwereintenselypersonalaccountsofthewaytheidentityandmotivationsoftranslatorsaffecttheworktheydo.Womentranslatorswonderedwhytheywereworkingontextswhichsuddenlyseemedalientothem,textswhosepremisestheycouldnotshare.Atthesametime,womenwerediscoveringfeministwritingwithwhichtheyfeltintenseaffinities.Theseindividualreactionsreflectedawidespreadintellectualpreoccupationwithidentityandlanguage.Theymeshedwithotherattemptstorethinkthefitbetweensocialandliteraryvalues.Itishardlyacoincidencethattheperiodwhichsawthedevelopmentoffeministandthengenderstudiesalsowitnessedaremarkablegrowthintranslationstudies.Theentryofgenderintotranslationtheoryhasalottodowiththerenewedprestigeoftranslationas“re-writing”andasabulwarkagainsttheunbridledforcesofglobalization,justasitshowstheimportanceforallthesocialandhumansciencesofacriticalreframingofgender,identityandsubject-positionswithinlanguage.Mostimportant,however,hasbeenthedecisiveimpactoffeminism,asapoliticalandliterarymovement,ontranslationtheoryandpractice.Muchofthisbookisconcernedwithtracingoutthevectorsofthisinfluence,asithasdisturbedestablishedlinesoftransmissionandreroutedtheflowofliterarytraffic.Feminismhasbeenresponsibleforcreatingnewintellectualandculturalcommunities,justasitinjectednewideologicaltensionsintolongstandingpracticeslikeBibletranslation.Itshouldbestressed,however,thatitisnotthegenderedidentityofthetranslatorassuchwhichinfluencesthepoliticsoftransmissionasmuchastheprojectwhichthetranslatorispromoting.Feminism,initsdiverseforms,hasbecomethepowerfulbasisofmanysuchprojects.Whiletheencounterbetweengenderandtranslationstudieswaspredictable,translationstudieshavebeensomewhatslowinfullynegotiatingthe“culturalturn”announcedinthemid-1980s.Theyhaveixonlybeguntoengagewiththecomplexityofidentity,includinggender.Theaimofthisbookisthereforedouble:

tocastthewidestnetaroundissuesofgenderintranslation;and,throughgender,tomovetranslationstudiesclosertoaculturalstudiesframework.Whatdoesitmeantopositiontranslationwithinculturalstudies?

Itmeans,principally,thattheterms“culture,”“identity”and“gender”arenottakenforgrantedbutarethemselvestheobjectofinquiry.Theyarenolongerself-explanatorynotionswhichcanbeusedunquestioningly.“Culture,”forinstance,hasoftenbeenusedintranslationstudiesasifitreferredtoanobviousandunproblematicreality.Infact,“culture”isoneofthemostembattledandambiguousnotionsincontemporarythought,thesiteofmuchstimulatingdebate.Translationstudieshavemuchtogainfromthesedebates,justastheycanbringanimportantlinguisticdimensiontothem.ThechallengeofwritingthisbookwastobegintheprocessofdisciplinaryhybridizationthatIamcallingfor.Iwouldbepleasedtofeelthatthisworkmightconvincenon-translatorsthattranslationinvolvesmorethannarrow,technicalissues,andthatitwillalerttranslationtheoriststotherangeofissuessuggestedbygender.ThisbookowesagreatdealtotheenthusiasmandresearchskillsofAnkeRohde.HerhelpwasinvaluabletomeandIamconfidentthatshewillbroadenandenrichafieldofstudywhichisbarelyintroducedinthisbook.Itisinlargepar