Quartz_Resonator_&_Oscillator_Tutorial_-_Mateusz_Pasternak：石英谐振器和振荡器的教程-_Mateusz帕斯捷尔纳克.ppt

Quartz_Resonator_&_Oscillator_Tutorial_-_Mateusz_Pasternak：石英谐振器和振荡器的教程-_Mateusz帕斯捷尔纳克.ppt

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JohnR.VigUSArmyCommunications-ElectronicsResearch,Development&EngineeringCenterFortMonmouth,NJ,USAJ.VigIEEE.orgApprovedforpublicrelease.DistributionisunlimitedQuartzCrystalResonatorsandOscillatorsForFrequencyControlandTimingApplications-ATutorialJanuary2004SLCET-TR-88-1（Rev.8.5.2.0）AD-M001251NOTICESThefindingsinthisreportarenottobeconstruedasanofficialDepartmentoftheArmyposition,unlesssodesignatedbyotherauthorizeddocuments.ThecitationoftradenamesandnamesofmanufacturersinthisreportisnottobeconstruedasofficialGovernmentendorsementorconsentorapprovalofcommercialproductsorservicesreferencedherein.DisclaimeriiiTableofContentsPreface.v1.ApplicationsandRequirements.12.QuartzCrystalOscillators.23.QuartzCrystalResonators34.OscillatorStability45.QuartzMaterialProperties.56.AtomicFrequencyStandards67.OscillatorComparisonandSpecification.78.TimeandTimekeeping.89.RelatedDevicesandApplications910.FCSProceedingsOrdering,Website,andIndex.10“Everythingshouldbemadeassimpleaspossible-butnotsimpler,”saidEinstein.Themaingoalofthis“tutorial”istoassistwithpresentingthemostfrequentlyencounteredconceptsinfrequencycontrolandtiming,assimplyaspossible.Ihaveoftenbeencalledupontobriefvisitors,management,andpotentialusersofprecisionoscillators,andhavealsobeeninvitedtopresentseminars,tutorials,andreviewpapersbeforeuniversity,IEEE,andotherprofessionalgroups.Inthebeginning,Ispentagreatdealoftimepreparingthesepresentations.Muchofthetimewasspentonpreparingtheslides.AsIaccumulatedmoreandmoreslides,itbecameeasierandeasiertopreparesuccessivepresentations.Iwasfrequentlyaskedfor“hard-copies”oftheslides,soIstartedorganizing,addingsometext,andfillingthegapsintheslidecollection.Asthecollectiongrew,Ibeganreceivingfavorablecommentsandrequestsforadditionalcopies.Apparently,others,too,foundthiscollectiontobeuseful.Eventually,Iassembledthisdocument,the“Tutorial”.Thisisaworkinprogress.Iplantoincludenewmaterial,includingadditionalnotes.Comments,corrections,andsuggestionsforfuturerevisionswillbewelcome.JohnR.VigivPrefaceWhyThisTutorial?

vInthePowerPointversionofthisdocument,notesandreferencescanbefoundinthe“Notes”ofmostofthepages.Toviewthenotes,usethe“NotesPageView”icon（nearthelowerleftcornerofthescreen）,orselect“NotesPage”intheViewmenu.InPowerPoint2000（and,presumably,laterversions）,thenotesalsoappearinthe“Normalview”.Toprintapagesothatitincludesthenotes,selectPrintintheFilemenu,and,nearthebottom,at“Printwhat:

”select“NotesPages”.TheHTMLversioncanbeviewedwithawebbrowser（bestviewedat1024x768screensize）.Thenotesthenappearinthelowerpaneontheright.ManyofthereferencesaretoIEEEpublicationsthatareavailableonlineintheIEEEUFFC-Sdigitalarchive,www.ieee-uffc.org/archiveorinIEEEXplore,http:

/www.ieee.org/ieeexplore.NotesandReferences1CHAPTER1ApplicationsandRequirementsMilitary&AerospaceCommunicationsNavigationIFFRadarSensorsGuidancesystemsFuzesElectronicwarfareSonobouysResearch&MetrologyAtomicclocksInstrumentsAstronomy&geodesySpacetrackingCelestialnavigationIndustrialCommunicationsTelecommunicationsMobile/cellular/portableradio,telephone&pagerAviationMarineNavigationInstrumentationComputersDigitalsystemsCRTdisplaysDiskdrivesModemsTagging/identificationUtilitiesSensorsConsumerWatches&clocksCellular&cordlessphones,pagersRadio&hi-fiequipmentColorTVCableTVsystemsHomecomputersVCR&videocameraCB&amateurradioToys&gamesPacemakersOthermedicaldevicesAutomotiveEnginecontrol,stereo,clockTripcomputer,GPS1-1ElectronicsApplicationsofQuartzCrystals1-2（asof2001）FrequencyControlDeviceMarketPrecisetimeisessentialtoprecisenavigation.Historically,navigationhasbeenaprincipalmotivatorinmanssearchforbetterclocks.Eveninancienttimes,onecouldmeasurelatitudebyobservingthestarspositions.However,todeterminelongitude,theproblembecameoneoftiming.Sincetheearthmakesonerevolutionin24hours,onecandeterminelongitudeformthetimedifferencebetweenlocaltime（whichwasdeterminedfromthesunsposition）andthetimeattheGreenwichmeridian（whichwasdeterminedbyaclock）:

Longitudeindegrees=（360degrees/24hours）xtinhours.In1714,theBritishgovernmentofferedarewardof20,000poundstothefirstpersontoproduceaclockthatallowedthedeterminationofashipslongitudeto30nauticalmilesattheendofasixweekvoyage（i.e.,aclockaccuracyofthreesecondsperday）.TheEnglishmanJohnHarrisonwonthecompetitionin1735forhischronometerinvention.Todayselectronicnavigationsystemsstillrequireevergreateraccuracies.Aselectromagneticwavestravel300meterspermicrosecond,e.g.,ifavesselstimingwasinerrorbyonemillisecond,anavigationalerrorof300kilometerswouldresult.IntheGlobalPositioningSystem（GPS）,atomicclocksinthesatellitesandquartzoscillatorsinthereceiversprovidenanosecond-levelaccuracies.Theresulting（worldwide）navigationalaccuraciesareabouttenmeters（seechapter8forfurtherdetailsaboutGPS）.13Navigation1-4Historically,asthenumberofusersofcommercialtwo-wayradioshavegrown,channelspacingshavebeennarrowed,andhigher-frequencyspectrahavehadtobeallocatedtoaccommodatethedemand.Narrowerchannelspacingsandhigheroperatingfrequenciesnecessitatetighterfrequencytolerancesforboththetransmittersandthereceivers.In1940,whenonlyafewthousandcommercialbroadcasttransmitterswereinuse,a500ppmtolerancewasadequate.Today,theoscillatorsinthemanymillionsofcellulartelephones（whichoperateatfrequencybandsabove800MHz）mustmaintainafrequencytoleranceof2.5ppmandbetter.The896-901MHzand935-940MHzmobileradiobandsrequirefrequencytolerancesof0.1ppmatthebasestationand1.5ppmatthemobilestation.Theneedtoaccommodatemoreuserswillcontinuetorequirehigherandhigherfrequencyaccuracies.Forexample,aNASAconceptforapersonalsatellitecommunicationsystemwouldusewalkie-talkie-likehand-heldterminals,a30GHzuplink,a20GHzdownlink,anda10kHzchannelspacing.Theterminalsfrequencyaccuracyrequirementisafewpartsin108.CommercialTwo-wayRadio1-5TheEffectofTimingJitterA/DconverterDigitalprocessorD/AconverterAnalog*inputAnalogoutputDigitaloutputDigitizedsignalVtTimeAnalogsignal（A）（B）（C）V（t）V（t）*e.g.,fromanantennaDigitalProcessingofAnalogSignalsSynchronizationplaysacriticalroleindigitaltelecommunicationsystems.Itensuresthatinformationtransferisperformedwithminimalbufferoverfloworunderflowevents,i.e.,withanacceptablelevelofslips.Slipscauseproblems,e.g.,missinglinesinFAXtransmission,clicksinvoicetransmission,lossofencryptionkeyinsecurevoicetransmission,anddataretransmission.InAT&Tsnetwork,forexample,timingisdistributeddownahierarchyofnodes.Atimingsource-receiverrelationshipisestablishedbetweenpairsofnodescontainingclocks.Theclocksareoffourtypes,infourstratumlevels.1-6Stratum1234Accuracy（FreeRunning）LongTermPer1stDay1x10-11N.A.1.6x10-81x10-104.6x10-63.7x10-73.2x10-5N.A.ClockTypeGPSW/TwoRbRbOrOCXOOCXOOrTCXOXONumberUsed162001000s1millionDigitalNetworkSynchronization1-7Thephasenoiseofoscillatorscanleadtoerroneousdetectionofphasetransitions,i.e.,tobiterrors,whenphaseshiftkeyed（PSK）digitalmodulationisused.Indigitalcommunications,forexample,where8-phasePSKisused,themaximumphasetoleranceis22.5o,ofwhich7.5oisthetypicalallowablecarriernoisecontribution.Duetothestatisticalnatureofphasedeviations,iftheRMSphasedeviationis1.5o,forexample,theprobabilityofexceedingthe7.5ophasedeviationis6X10-7,whichcanresultinabiterrorratethatissignificantinsomeapplications.Shockandvibrationcanproducelargephasedeviationseveninlownoiseoscillators.Moreover,whenthefrequencyofanoscillatorismultipliedbyN,thephasedeviationsarealsomultipliedbyN.Forexample,aphasedeviationof10-3radianat10MHzbecomes1radianat10GHz.Suchlargephaseexcursionscanbecatastrophictotheperformanceofsystems,e.g.,ofthosewhichrelyonphaselockedloops（PLL）orphaseshiftkeying（PSK）.Lownoise,accelerationinsensitiveoscillatorsareessentialinsuchapplications.PhaseNoiseinPLLandPSKSystems1-8Whenafaultoccurs,e.g.,whenasportsmanshootsoutaninsulator,adisturbancepropagatesdowntheline.Thelocationofthefaultcanbedeterminedfromthedifferencesinthetimesofarrivalatthenearestsubstations:

x=1/2L-c（tb-ta）=1/2L-ctwherex=distanceofthefaultfromsubstationA,L=AtoBlinelength,c=speedoflight,andtaandtb=timeofarrivalofdisturbanceatAandB,respectively.Faultlocatorerror=xerror=1/2（cterror）;therefore,ifterror1microsecond,thenxerror150meters1/2ofhighvoltagetowerspacings,so,theutilitycompanycansendarepaircrewdirectlytothetowerthatisnearesttothefault.SubstationASubstationBInsulatorSportsmanXLZap!

tatbUtilityFaultLocation1-9（t）WavefrontMeanwavelengthtLocalTime&FrequencyStandardSchematicofVBLITechniqueMicrowavemixerRecorderMicrowavemixerLocalTime&FrequencyStandardRecorderCorrelationandIntegrationDatatapeDatatapeAmplitudeInterferenceFringesSpaceExploration1-10Militaryneedsareaprimedriveroffrequencycontroltechnology.Modernmilitarysystemsrequireoscillators/clocksthatare:

Stableoverawiderangeofparameters（time,temperature,acceleration,radiation,etc.）LownoiseLowpowerSmallsizeFastwarmupLowlife-cyclecostMilitaryRequirements1-11Higherjammingresistance&improvedabilitytohidesignalsImprovedabilitytodenyuseofsystemstounauthorizedusersLongerautonomyperiod（radiosilenceinterval）Fastsignalacquisition（netentry）LowerpowerforreducedbatteryconsumptionImprovedspectrumutilizationImprovedsurveillancecapability（e.g.,slow-movingtargetdetection,bistaticradar）Improvedmissileguidance（e.g.,on-boardradarvs.groundradar）Improvedidentification-friend-or-foe（IFF）capabilityImprovedelectronicwarfarecapability（e.g.,emitterlocationviaTOA）LowererrorratesindigitalcommunicationsImprovednavigationcapabilityImprovedsurvivabilityandperformanceinradiationenvironmentImprovedsurvivabilityandperformanceinhighshockapplicationsLongerlife,andsmallersize,weight,andcostLongerrecalibrationinterval（lowerlogisticscosts）ImpactsofOscillatorTechnologyImprovements1-12Inaspreadspectrumsystem,thetransmittedsignalisspreadoverabandwidththatismuchwiderthanthebandwidthrequiredtotransmittheinformationbeingsent（e.g.,avoicechannelofafewkHzbandwidthisspreadovermanyMHz）.Thisisaccomplishedbymodulatingacarriersignalwiththeinformationbeingsent,usingawidebandpseudonoise（PN）encodingsignal.AspreadspectrumreceiverwiththeappropriatePNcodecandemodulateandextracttheinformationbeingsent.ThosewithoutthePNcodemaycompletelymissthesignal,oriftheydetectthesignal,itappearsto