英国文学名词解释大全(整理版).doc

英国文学名词解释大全(整理版).doc

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1，alliteration2，kenning3，caesura4,romance5,chivalery6,quatrain7,meter:

rhyme8,heroiccouplet9iambicpentameter10,bobandwheel11,realism12,idealism13,renaissiance14,blankverse15,sonnet16,comedy17,tragedy18,humanism19,cavalierpoets20,metaphysicalpoets21,metaphysicalconceit

1.Epic（史诗）（appearedintheAnglo-SaxonPeriod）

Epicisanextendednarrativepoeminelevatedordignifiedlanguage,likeHomer’sIliad&Odyssey.Itusuallycelebratesthefeatsofoneormorelegendaryortraditionalheroes.Theactionissimple,butfullofmagnificence.

Today,somelongnarrativeworks,likenovelsthatrevealanage&itspeoplearealsocalledepic.

E.g.Beowulf（thepagan（异教徒），secular（非宗教的）poetry）Iliad《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》ParadiseLost《失乐园》.

1.Romance（传奇）（Anglo-NormanfeudalEngland）

•Romanceisanyimaginativeliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandthatdealswithheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvillainsormonsters.

•Originally,thetermreferredtoamedieval（中世纪）taledealingwiththeloveandadventuresofkings,queens,knights,andladies,andincludingsupernaturalhappenings.

Form:

longcomposition,inverse,inprose

Content:

descriptionoflifeandadventuresofanoblehero

Character:

aknight,amanofnoblebirth,skilledintheuseofweapons;oftendescribedasridingforthtoseekadventures,takingpartintournaments（骑士比武）,orfightingforhislordinbattles;devotedtothechurchandtheking

•Romancelacksgeneralresemblancetotruthorreality.

•Itexaggeratesthevicesofhumannatureandidealizesthevirtues.

•Itcontainsperilous（dangerous）adventuresmoreorlessremotefromordinarylife.

•Itlaysemphasisonsupremedevotiontoafairlady.

3.Alliteration（押头韵）:

arepeatedinitial（开头的）consonant（协调,一致）tosuccessive（连续的）words.

4.Heroiccouplet（英雄双韵体）（introducedbyGeoffreyChaucer）

Definition:

therhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter;averseforminepicpoetry,withlinesoftensyllablesandfivestresses,inrhymingpairs.

英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：

用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。

5.couplet（两行诗，对句）:

Twoconsecutivelinesofpoetrythatrhyme.Aheroiccoupletisaniambicpentametercouplet.DuringtheRestorationperiodandthe18thC.itwasapopularverseform.

6.iambicpentameter（抑扬格五音步）:

ApoeticlineconsistingoffiveVersefeet（pentameter-isfromaGreekwordmeaning“five”）,witheachfootaniamb--thatis,anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.

7.Rhyme（韵，押韵）:

therepetition（反复）ofsoundsintwoormorewordsorphrasesthatappearclosetoeachotherinapoem.E.g.River/shiver,song/long

8.meter（格律）（属于Prosody['prɔsədɪ]（韵文学;诗体学；（某语言的）韵律（学）））:

Agenerallyregularpatternofstressedandunstressedsyllables（音节）inpoetry.

9.Rhythm（节奏，韵律）（属于Prosody['prɔsədɪ]（韵文学;诗体学；（某语言的）韵律（学）））：

referstotheregularrecurrence（反复，重现）oftheaccent（重读）orstressinpoemorsong.

E.g.therhythmofdayandnight,theseasonalrhythmoftheyear,thebeatofourhearts,andtheriseandfallofseatides,etc.

10．Humanism

1）HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.Accordingtohumanists,humanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfectionandtheworldcanbequestioned,exploredandenjoyed.

2）Byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,incontrasttothemedievalemphasisonGodandcontemptforthethingsofthisworld,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttopursuehappinessofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwanders.

11.Tragedy（Dramaform）

•Aseriousplayornovelrepresentingthedisastrousdownfallofacentralcharacter,theprotagonist.AccordingtoAristotle,thepurposeistoachieveacatharsisthroughincidentsarousingpityandterror.Thetragiceffectusuallydependsonourawarenessofadmirablequalitiesinheprotagonist,whicharewastedterriblyinthefateddisaster.

•E.g.（莎士比亚）GreatTragedies（四大悲剧）（exploresthefaults/weaknessesofhumans）:

Hamlet,Othello,KingLear&Macbeth

12.BlankVerse（无韵诗）

•Unrhymedlinesofiambicpentameter.ItisaveryflexibleEnglishverseformwhichcanattainrhetoricalgrandeur（雄伟，壮观）whileechoingthenaturalrhythmsofspeech.ItwasfirstusedbyHenryHoward,EarlofSurrey,andsoonbecameapopularformfornarrativeanddramaticpoetry.Marlowe,Shakespeare,Milton,Wordsworth,Tennyson,StevensandRobertFrostarefondofthisform.

13.Sonnet

Asonnetisalyricpoemcomprising14rhyminglinesofequallength:

iambicpentameterinEnglish,hendecasyllables[hen,dekə'siləbl]（十一音节）inItalian,andalexandrines.[ˌæliɡˈzɑ:

ndrain]（亚历山大诗行）inFrench.

.TheEnglish/Shakespeareansonnet

ItwasintroducedintoEnglishpoetryintheearly16thcenturybySirThomasWyatt（1503-1542）.Itconsistsof3quatrainsandafinalcouplet,rhymingababcdcdefefgg.

AnimportantvariantistheSpenseriansonnet,whichlinksthe3quatrainsbyrhyme,rhymingababbcbccdcdee.

（quatrain:

四行诗（每节四行,韵律一般为abab或abba））

14.Allegory（寓言）

•Astorywithadoublemeaning:

aprimaryorsurfacemeaning,andasecondaryorunder-the-surfacemeaning

•Astorythatcanberead,understoodandinterpretedattwolevels

Twolevelsofallegory

•Onelevelexaminesthemoral,philosophicalandreligiousvaluesandisrepresentedbytheRedCrossKnight,whostandsforallChristians.

•Thesecondlevelistheparticular,whichfocusesonthepolitical,social,andreligiousconflictsinthethenEnglishsociety.

15.Metaphysical（形而上学，超自然，纯哲学）Poets

METAPHYSICALPOETSrefertoaschoolofpoetsatthebeginningofthe17thcenturyEnglandwhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.TheworksoftheMetaphysicalpoetsarecharacterized,generallyspeaking,bymysticismincontentandfantasticalityinform.

ThemosteminentpoetsareJohnDonne,GeorgeHerbert&AndrewMarwell.

16.MetaphysicalPoetry

Metaphysicalpoetryisconcernedwiththewholeexperienceofman,especiallyaboutlove,romanticandsensual;aboutman'srelationshipwithGod,andaboutpleasure,learningandart.

Metaphysicalpoemsarelyricpoemsofbriefbutintensemeditations,characterizedbythestrikinguseofwit,ironyandwordplay.Beneaththeformalstructure（ofrhyme,meterandstanza）istheunderlyingstructureofthepoem’sargument.In“ToHisCoyMistress,”theexplicitargument（Marvell'srequestthatthecoyladyyieldtohispassion）isastalkinghorseforthemoreseriousargumentaboutthetransistorizesofpleasure.

Rise&FallofMetaphysicalPoetry

•Metaphysicalpoetrywasrarelyreadinthe17th,18thandearly19thcentury.

•Inthelate19thcenturyandearly20thcentury,therewasarenewedinterestinmetaphysicalpoetry.

•ThemodernistpoetsT.S.Eliot,JohnRansomandAllenTateclaimedtheirinfluencebyJohnDonne.SoJohnDonnebecameacultfigureintheearly20thcenturyEnglish-speakingcountries.

Metaphysicalconceit

Thistypeofconceitdrawsuponawiderangeofknowledge,anditscomparisonsareelaborately（苦心经营地，精巧地）rationalized.

Forinstance,Donne’s“TheFlea”comparesafleabitetotheactoflove;andin“AValediction:

ForbiddingMourning”separatedloversarelikenedtothelegsofacompass,thelegdrawingthecircleeventuallyreturninghometo"thefixedfoot."

17.neoclassicism（新古典主义）

–ItfounditsartisticmodelsintheclassicalliteratureoftheancientGreekandRomanwriterslikeHomer,Virgil,Horace,andOvid.

–ApartialreactionagainstthefiresofpassionblazedinthelateRenaissance,especiallyintheMetaphysicalpoetry.

---Proseshouldbeprecise,direct,smoothandflexible.

---Poetryshouldbelyrical（抒情的）,epical（叙事的）,didactic（教导的）,satiricordramatic,andeachclassshouldbeguidedbyitsownprinciples.

---Neo-classicalwritersare:

JohnDryden,AlexanderPope,JonathanSwift,JosephAddison,RichardSteele,HenryFielding,SamuelJohnson,OliverGoldsmith,EdwardGibbon,etc.

18.EnlightenmentMovement（启蒙运动）

Undertheinfluenceofscientificdiscoveries（Newton）andflourishingofphilosophies,Frenchenlightenmentstarted.

EnlightenmentthinkerssuchasVoltaire伏尔泰,Montesquieu孟德斯鸠,Locke洛克,Hobbes霍布斯,andRousseau卢梭believedthattheworldwasanobjectofstudyandthatpeoplecouldunderstandandcontroltheworldbymeansofreasonandempirical（以观察或实验为依据的）research.

•anintellectualmovementbeginninginFranceandthenspreadthroughoutEurope

•acontinuationofRenaissanceinbeliefinthepossibilityofhumanperfectionthrougheducation

•theguidingprincipleorslogan（标语，标号）isRation（定量？

）/Reason,naturalrightandequality（AmericanIndependenceWarin1776;FrenchRevolutionin1789）

•Rationbecamestandardformeasurementofeverything.

•Inreligion,itwasagainstsuperstition（迷信）,intolerance（心胸狭窄）,anddogmatism（教条主义，独断，武断）;inpolitics,itwasagainsttyranny（暴政，苛政）;andinsociety,itwasagainstprejudice,ignorance,inequality,andanyobstaclestotherealizationofanindividual’sfullintellectualandphysicalwell-being.Atthesametime,theyadvocated（提倡）universaleducation.Intheiropinion,humanbeingswerelimited,dualistic（二元的）,imperfect,andyetcapableofrationality（合理性，合理的行为见解）andperfectionthrougheducation.

Thegreatenlighteners:

•AlexanderPope,

•JosephAddison,

•JonathanSwift,and

•SamuelJohnson

19.Sentimentalityliterature伤感文学

---Itwasapartialreactionagainstthatcold,logicrationalismwhichdominatedpeople’slifesincethelastdecadesofthe17thcentury.

---Areadysympathyandaninwardpainforthemiseryofothersbecamepartofacceptedsocialmorality