英国文学名词解释大全整理版.docx

英国文学名词解释大全整理版.docx

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英国文学名词解释大全整理版

名词解释

1.Epic（史诗）（appearedinthetheAnglo-SaxonPeriod）

Itisanarrativeofheroicaction,oftenwithaprincipalhero,usuallymythicalinitscontent,grandinitsstyle,offeringinspirationandennoblementwithinaparticularcultureornationaltradition.

Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofgreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.

Epicisanextendednarrativepoeminelevatedordignifiedlanguage,likeHomer’sIliad&Odyssey.Itusuallycelebratesthefeatsofoneormorelegendaryortraditionalheroes.Theactionissimple,butfullofmagnificence.

Today,somelongnarrativeworks,likenovelsthatrevealanage&itspeople,arealsocalledepic.

E.g.Beowulf（thepagan（异教徒），secular（非宗教的）poetry）Iliad《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》ParadiseLost《失乐园》，TheDivineComedy《神曲》

2.Romance（传奇）（Anglo-NormanfeudalEngland）

•Romanceisanyimaginativeliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandthatdealswithheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvillainsormonsters.

•Originally,thetermreferredtoamedieval（中世纪）taledealingwiththeloveandadventuresofkings,queens,knights,andladies,andincludingsupernaturalhappenings.

Form:

longcomposition,inverse,inprose

Content:

descriptionoflifeandadventuresofanoblehero

Character:

aknight,amanofnoblebirth,skilledintheuseofweapons;oftendescribedasridingforthtoseekadventures,takingpartintournaments（骑士比武）,orfightingforhislordinbattles;devotedtothechurchandtheking

•Romancelacksgeneralresemblancetotruthorreality.

•Itexaggeratesthevicesofhumannatureandidealizesthevirtues.

•Itcontainsperilous（dangerous）adventuresmoreorlessremotefromordinarylife.

•Itlaysemphasisonsupremedevotiontoafairlady.

①TheRomanceCycles/Groups/Divisions

ThreeGroups

●mattersofBritainAdventuresofKingArthurandhisKnightsoftheRoundTable（亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）

●mattersofFranceEmperorCharlemagneandhispeers

●mattersofRomeAlexandertheGreatandtheattacksofTroy

LeMorteD’Arthur（亚瑟王之死）

②ClassNature（阶级性）oftheRomance

Loyaltytokingandlordwasthethemeoftheromances,asloyaltywasthecorner-stone（themostimportantpart基石）offeudalmorality.

Theromanceswerecomposednotforthecommonbutforthenoble,ofthenoble,andbythepoetspatronized（supported庇护,保护）bythenoble.

3.Alliteration（押头韵）:

arepeatedinitial（开头的）consonant（协调,一致）tosuccessive（连续的）words.

e.g.1.Tohiskinthekindest,keenestforpraise.2.Singasongofsouthernsinger

4.Understatement（低调陈述）（forironicalhumor）

nottroublesome:

verywelcome

neednotpraise:

arighttocondemn

5.Chronicle《编年史》（amonumentofOldEnglishprose）

6.Ballads（民谣）（ThemostimportantdepartmentofEnglishfolkliterature）

①Definition:

Aballadisanarrativepoemthattellsastory,andisusuallymeanttobesungorrecitedinmusicalform.

AnimportantstreamoftheMedievalfolkliterature

②FeaturesofEnglishBallads

1.TheballadsareinvariousEnglishandScottishdialects.

2.Theywerecreatedcollectivelyandrevisedwhenhandeddownfrommouthtomouth.

3.Theyaremainlytheliteratureofthepeasants,andgiveanoutlookoftheEnglishcommonpeopleinfeudalsociety.

③Stylistic（风格上）FeaturesoftheBallads

1.Composedincouplets（相连并押韵的两行诗,对句）orinquatrains（四行诗）knownastheballadstanza（民谣诗节）,rhymingababorabcb,withthefirstandthirdlinescarrying4accentedsyllables（重读音节）andthesecondandfourthcarrying3.

2.Simple,plainlanguageordialect（方言，土语）ofthecommonpeoplewithcolloquial（口语的，会话的）,vividand,sometimes,idiomatic（符合当地语言习惯的）expressions

3.Tellingagoodstorywithavividpresentationaroundthecentralplot.

4.Usingahighproportionofdialoguewitharomanticortragicdimension（方面）toachievedramaticeffect.

④SubjectsofEnglishBallads

1.struggleofyounglovers

2.conflictbetweenloveandwealth

3.crueltyofjealousy

4.criticismofthecivilwar

5.mattersofclassstruggle

7.Heroiccouplet（英雄双韵体）（introducedbyGeoffreyChaucer）

Definition:

therhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter;averseforminepicpoetry,withlinesoftensyllablesandfivestresses,inrhymingpairs.

英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：

用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。

8.couplet（两行诗，对句）:

Twoconsecutivelinesofpoetrythatrhyme.Aheroiccoupletisaniambicpentametercouplet.DuringtheRestorationperiodandthe18thC.itwasapopularverseform.

9.iambicpentameter:

ApoeticlineconsistingoffiveVersefeet（penta-isfromaGreekwordmeaning“five”）,witheachfootaniamb--thatis,anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.

10.Rhyme（韵，押韵）:

therepetition（反复）ofsoundsintwoormorewordsorphrasesthatappearclosetoeachotherinapoem.E.g.river/shiver,song/long

11.meter（格律）（属于Prosody['prɔsədɪ]（韵文学;诗体学；（某语言的）韵律（学）））:

Agenerallyregularpatternofstressedandunstressedsyllables（音节）inpoetry.

Themeterswithtwo-syllablefeetare:

Iambic（x/）（抑扬格）:

Thattimeofyearthoumaystinmebehold

Trochaic（/x）（扬抑格）:

Tellmenotinmournfulnumbers

Spondaic（//）（扬扬格）:

Break,break,break/Onthycoldgraystones,OSea!

Themeterswiththree-syllablefeetare:

anapestic（xx/）（抑抑扬格）:

Andthesoundofavoicethatisstill

dactylic（/xx）（强弱格，长短格，扬抑抑格）:

Thisistheforestprimeval,themurmuring

pinesandthehemlock

（atrocheereplacesthefinaldactyl）

12.Rhythm（节奏，韵律）（属于Prosody['prɔsədɪ]（韵文学;诗体学；（某语言的）韵律（学）））：

referstotheregularrecurrence（反复，重现）oftheaccent（重读）orstressinpoemorsong.

e.g.therhythmofdayandnight,theseasonalrhythmoftheyear,thebeatofourhearts,andtheriseandfallofseatides,etc.

basicpatternsofrhythms

a） Iambicfoot（iamb['aiæmb]）（抑扬格）:

anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyanstressedoneasintheword“prevent”or“about”

It’stimethechildrenwenttobed.

We’lllearnapoembyKeats.

b） Trochaic[trəu'keiik]foot（trochee['trəuki:

]）（扬抑格）:

astressedsyllablefollowedbyanunstressedoneasin“football”,“never”,“happy”or“English”

WilliamMorristaughthimEnglish.

Double,double,toilandtrouble.

Fireburnsandcauldronbubble.

c） Anapesticfoot（anapest[ˈænəpi:

st] ）（抑抑扬格）:

twounstressedsyllablesfollowedbyastressedoneasin“comprehend”or“intervene”

I’vebeenworkinginChinaforfortyyears.

d） Dactylicfoot（dactyl）（强弱格，长短格，扬抑抑格）:

astressedsyllablefollowedbytwounstressedonesasin“dangerous”,“cheerfully”,“yesterday”or“merrily”

13．Commonlinelengths:

numberoffeetperline

•onefootmonometer[mɔ'nɔmitə]（rare）（单音部）

•twofeetdimeter['dimitə]（二步）

•threefeettrimester['trimitə]（三步）

•fourfeettetrameter[te'træmitə]（四步）

•fivefeetpentameter[pen'tæmitə]（五步）

•sixfeethexameter[hek'sæmitə]

•sevenfeetheptameter[hep'tæmitə]（rare）

•eightfeetoctameter[ɔk'tæmitə]（rare）

14．Linepatterns:

Couplet（相连并押韵的两行诗,对句）:

2linesrhymingwitheachother

•Aheroiccoupletisaniambicpentametercouplet.

Tercet['tə:

sit]（三行押韵诗句,三拍子）:

3lines,terzarima（aba,bcb,cdc,ded）

Quatrain['kwɔtrein]（四行诗）:

4lines,balladstanza（abcb）

Octave['ɔktɪv,-,teɪv]（八行诗）:

8lines,ottavarima（abababcc）

Spenserianstanza（斯宾塞诗节）:

9lines（ababbcbcc）（TheFaerieQueene（仙后））

Sonnet（十四行诗）:

14lines（Shakespearean:

ababcdcdefefgg）

●Example:

Shewalksinbeauty,likethenight

ofcloudlessclimesandstarryskies;

Andallthat’sbestofdarkandbright

Meetinheraspectandhereyes:

Thusmellow’dtothattenderlight

Whichheaventogaudydaydenies

1.Footandlength:

Iambictetrameter

2.Rhyme（scheme）:

ababab

15．Humanism

1）HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.Accordingtohumanists,humanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfectionandtheworldcanbequestioned,exploredandenjoyed.

2）Byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,incontrasttothemedievalemphasisonGodandcontemptforthethingsofthisworld,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttopursuehappinessofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwanders.

16.Drama

1.Definition

•Dramais“acompositioninproseorverse,adaptedtobeacteduponastage,inwhichastoryisrelatedbymeansofdialogueandaction,andisrepresentedwithaccompanyinggesture,costume,andscenery,asinreallife.”

2.TheDevelopmentofDrama

1.ReligiousPeriod

1）MysteryplayspresentedstoriesfromtheOldandNewTestamentoftheBible.

•CreationoftheWorld,theFall,theGreatFlood,Redemption,FinalJudgment,etc.

•ThebirthoftheChrist—childsymbolizedhopeinthedarknessofwinter;Christ’sresurrection（复活）accordedwiththeearth’srenewalinspring,andthepromiseofharvestatmidsummer.

2）Miracleplays（奇迹剧）

•Dramatizing（将-改编成剧本）thelivesandmiraclesofsaints,ordivineintervention（神的干预，介入）inhumanaffairs,thatis,storiesfromthelivesofsaints.

•OftenfocusedonblessedvirginMary

3）Moralityplays（道德剧）

•Presentingstoriescontainingabstract（抽象的）virtuesandvices（美德和恶习）ascharacters.

•Theywereplayswhichhadamoralmessage:

GoodandEvilfightfordomination（统治）ofthehumansoul.

•Everyman,thebestexample,isthestoryofacharacterrepresentingmankind.

2.ArtisticPeriod

ThefirstComedy,RalphRoisterDoister《拉尔夫·罗伊斯特·多伊斯特》writtenbytheschoolmaster,NicholasUdallbetween1550and1553

ThefirstEnglishtragedy,Gorboducwrittenin1561byThomasSackvilleandThomasNorton

3.Elementsofdrama

1.Plot（情节）

Thestructureofaplay’saction,theorderoftheincidents,theirarrangementandform.

2.Character（人物）:

thevitalcenterofaplay

Howtheylook,whattheysayandinwhatma