托福阅读DAAN.docx

托福阅读DAAN.docx

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托福阅读DAAN

2004.01

Question1-10

After1785,theproductionofchildren'sbooksintheUnitedStatesincreasedbutremainedlargelyreprintsofBritishbooks,oftenthosepublishedbyJohnNewbery,thefirstpublishertoproducebooksaimedprimarilyatdivertingachildaudience.Ultimate]y,however,itwasnotthecheerful,commercial-mindedNewhery,butAnglo-IrishauthorMariaEdgeworthwhohadthestrongestinfluenceonthisperiodofAmericanchildren'sliterature.TheeighteenthcenturyhadseenagradualshiftawayfromthespiritualintensityofearlierAmericanreligiouswritingsforchildren,towardamoregeneralizedmoralism.Newberynotwithstanding,Americansstilllookedonchildren'sbooksasvehiclesforinstruction,notamusement,thoughtheywouldacceptamoderateamountoffictionalentertainmentforthesakeofmoresuccessfulinstruction.Asthechildren'sbookmarketexpanded,then,whatbothpublicandpublisherswantedwasthekindoffictionMariaEdgeworthwrote:

storiesinterestingenoughtoattractchildrenandmorallyinstructiveenoughtoallayadultdistrustoffiction.

AmericanreactionagainstimportedbooksforchildrensetinaftertheWarof1812withtheBritish.Awaveofnationalismpermeatedeverything,andtheself-consciousnewnationfoundforeignwritings（particularlythosefromtheBritishmonarchy）unsuitableforthechildrenofademocraticrepublic,aslateofself-governing,equalcitizens.Publishersofchildren'sbooksbegantoencourageAmericanwriterstowriteforAmericanchildren.Whentheyresponded,thepatternestablishedbyMariaEdgeworthwasathand,attractivetomostofthemforbothitsrationalismanditshighmoraltone.Earlyinthe1820's,storiesofwillfulchildrenlearningtoobey,ofcarelesschildrenlearningtotakecare,ofselfishchildrenlearningto"tireforothers,"startedtoflowfromAmericanpresses,successfullyachievingEdgeworth'stone,thoughrarelyherlivelystyle.Imitativeastheywere,theseearlyAmericanstorieswerequitedistinguishablefromtheirBritishcounterparts.Fewservantsappearedinthem,andifclassdistinctionshadbynomeansdisappeared,therewasmuchdemocraticinsistenceontheworthinessofeverylevelofbirthandwork.Thecharactersofchildreninthisfictionwereserious,conscientious.self-reflective,andindependent-testimonytothecontinuinginfluenceoftheearlierAmericanmoralistictraditioninchildren'sbooks.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

（A）ThecareerofMariaEdgeworthasanauthorofchildren'sbooks

（B）Thedevelopmentofchildren'sliteratureintheUnitedStates

（C）Successfulpublishersofchildren'sbooksinBritainandNorthAmerica

（D）BasicdifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanliteratureforchildren

2.ThepublisherJohnNewberyisprincipallyknownforwhichofthefollowingreasons?

（A）HeproducedandsoldbookswrittenbyMariaEdgeworth.

（B）HehadmoreinfluenceonAmericanchildren'sliteraturethananyotherpublisher.

（C）Hepublishedbooksaimedamusingchildrenratherthaninstructingthem.

（D）Hewascommerciallymindedandcheerful.

3.Theword"notwithstanding"inline6isclosestinmeaningto

（A）inspiteof

（B）inadditionto

（C）asaresultof

（D）asapartof

4.Theword"they"inline7refersto

（A）children

（B）Americans

（C）books

（D）vehicles

5.Theword"allay"inline10isclosestinmeaningto

（A）clarify

（B）attack

（C）reduce

（D）confirm

6.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatAmericanchildren'sbookssoldbefore1785werealmostalways

（A）writtenbyMariaEdgeworth

（B）attractiveandinterestingtochildren

（C）writtenbyAmericanauthors

（D）intendedonlyforreligiousandmoralinstruction

7.Bytheendoftheeighteenthcentury,thepublishersofchildren’slooksintheUnitedStatesweremostconcernedaboutwhichofthefollowing?

（A）Attractingchildrenwithentertainingstoriesthatprovidedlessonsofcorrectbehavior

（B）Publishingliteratureconsistingofexcitingstoriesthatwouldappealtobothchildrenandadults

（C）ExpandingmarketsforbooksinbothBritainandtheUnitedStates

（D）Reprintingfictionalbooksfromearlierinthecentury

8.Theword"permeated"inline13

（A）opposed

（B）improved

（C）competedwith

（D）spreadthrough

9.Accordingtothepassage,Americanchildren'sstoriesdifferedfromtheirBritishequivalentsinthatthecharactersinAmericanstorieswere

（A）childrenwhoshowedachangeofbehavior

（B）childrenwhowerewellbehaved

（C）rarelyservants

（D）generallynotfromavarietyofsocialclasses

10.Theword"testimonyto"inline23isclosestinmeaningto

（A）inspirationfor

（B）evidenceof

（C）requirementfor

（D）developmentof

Question11-21

Lichens.probablythehardiestofallplants,livewherevirtuallynothingelsecan---notjustonruggedmountainpeaksbutalsoonsunbakeddesertrocks.Theyareusuallythefirstlifetoappearonamountainsidethathasbeenscrapedbarebyanavalanche.Unlikeothermembersoftheplantkingdom,lichensareactuallyapartnershipbetweentwoplants.Theframeworkofalichenisusuallyanetworkofminutehairlikefungusthatanchorstheplant,Theothercomponentisanalga（similartothegreenfilmofplantlifethatgrowsonstagnantpools）thatisdistributedthroughoutthefungus.Beinggreenplants,algaearecapableofphotosynthesis--thatis,usingenergyfromtheSuntomanufacturetheirownfood.Thefungiarcbelievedtosupplywater,minerals,andphysicalsupporttothepartnership.

Lichensarefamousfortheirabilitytosurvive~watershortage.Whenwaterisscarce（asisoftenthecaseonamountain）,lichensmaybecomedormantandremaininthatconditionforprolongedperiodsoftime.Somelichenscanevengrowwherethereisnorainatall,survivingononlyoccasionaldew--themoisturethatcondensesonthesurfaceoftheplantsatnight,Andunlikemostotherplants,lichensarelittleaffectedbythestrongultravioletraysinthemountains.

Lichensuselittleenergy,fortheygrowslowly.Somegrowsoslowlyandaresooldthattheyarecalled"timestains."Youmayfindlichensthatarecenturiesold;certainoftheselichencolonieshavebeenestablishedforanestimated2,000years.Fordecades,scientistswonderedhowtheoffspringofanalgaandafungusgottogethertoformanewlichen,itseemedunlikelythattheywouldjusthappentoencounteroneanother.Itwasfinallydiscoveredthatinmanycasesthetwopartnershaveneverbeenseparated.Stalklike"buds"thatformoncertainlichensarebrokenoffbythewindorbyanimals;thesetollorareblowntoanewlocation

11.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthepassageanswer?

（A）Wherecantheoldestlichenbefound?

（B）Howlongdoesittakeforlichenstoestablishthemselves?

（C）Howlargecanlichenshe?

（D）Wheredolichensusuallyoccur?

12.Theword"hardiest"inline1isclosestinmeaningto

（A）mostunusual

（B）mostbasic

（C）mostabundant

（D）mostvigorous

13.Theword"framework"inline4isclosestinmeaningto

（A）structure

（B）fragment

（C）condition

（D）environment

14,Theauthormentions"thegreenfilmofplantlifethatgrowsonstagnantpools"（lines5-6）inordertoexplain

（A）howthesunaffectslichens

（B）whyplantsdependonwater

（C）wherefungibecomealgae

（D）whatalgaeare

15.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatlichensuselessenergyandgrowmoreslowlywhen

（A）theenvironmentispolluted

（B）theyareexposedtoultravioletrays

（C）theyareveryold

（D）thesupplyofwaterisinadequate

16:

Whichoffilefollowingtermsisdefinedinthepassage?

（A）"anchors"（line5）

（B）"stagnant"（line6）

（C）"dew"（line11）

（D）"ultraviolet"（line13）

17.Theword"prolonged"inline10isclosestinmeaningto

（A）precise

（B）extended

（C）approximate

（D）regular

18.AllofthefollowingarementionedinthediscussionoflichensEXCEPT:

（A）Theyarecapableofproducingtheirownfood.

（B）Theyrequirelargeamountsofmineralsloprosper.

（C）Theyareaunionoftwoseparateplants.

（D）Theycanlivethousandsofyears.

19.Whatdoesthephrase"lichencolonies（line15）suggest?

（A）Nothingbutlichensliveinsomelocations.

（B）Manylichenslivetogetherinonearea.

（C）Lichensdisplacetheplantsthatsurroundthem.

（D）Certaingroupsoflichenshaveneverbeenseparated.

20.Theword"encounter"inline17isclosestinmeaningto

（A）lose

（B）support

（C）meet

（D）create

21.Theword"these"inline19refersto

（A）partners

（B）buds

（C）lichens

（D）animals

Question22-31

TheDevelopmentofEuropeanLanguage

Keywords:

language,inscription,mystery,scholar,eighteencentury

ThelanguagesspokenbyearlyEuropeansarestillshroudedinmystery.ThereisnolinguisticcontinuitybetweenthelanguagesofOldEurope（atermsometimesusedforEuropebetween7000and3000B.C.）andthelanguagesofthemodemworld,andwecannotyettranslatetheOldEuropeanscript,Scholarshavedecipheredotherancientlanguages,suchasSumerian,Akkadian,andBabylonian,whichusedthecuneiformscript,becauseofthefortuitousdiscoveryofbilingualinscriptions,Whencuneiformtabletswerefirstdiscoveredintheeighteenthcentury,scholarscouldnotdecipherthem.Theninscriptionsfoundinbaaattheendoftheeighteenthcenturyprovidedalink:

theseinscriptionswerewrittenincuneiformandintwootherancientlanguages,OldPersianandNewElamite--languagesthathadalreadybeendeciphered.Ittookseveraldecades,butscholarseventuallytranslatedtheancientcuneiformscriptviathemorefamiliarOldPersianlanguage.

Similarly,thehieroglyphicwritingoftheEgyptiansremainedamysteryuntilFrenchtroopsunearthedthefamous