英语专业毕业论文试析德伯家的苔丝中的宿命论主题.doc

英语专业毕业论文试析德伯家的苔丝中的宿命论主题.doc

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分类号

密级

编号

本科生毕业论文

题目试析《德伯家的苔丝》中的宿命论主题

学院外国语学院

专业英语

姓名路琪

班级2007级5班

学号274010513

指导教师杨智慧

提交日期2011.5.25

15

TheThemeofFatalismRevealedinTessofd’Urbervilles

LuQi

Athesis

submittedtotheSchoolofForeignLanguagesandLiteratureTianshuiNormalUniversityinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementforthedegree

of

BACHELOROFARTS

in

ENGLISHLANGUAGE

Tianshui,Gansu

May,2011

原创性声明

本人郑重声明：

本人所呈交的论文是在指导教师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的成果。

学位论文中凡是引用他人已经发表或未经发表的成果、数据、观点等均已明确注明出处。

除文中已经注明引用的内容外，不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的科研成果。

本声明的法律责任由本人承担。

论文作者签名：

年月日

论文指导教师签名：

目录

一、论文正文………………………………………………..1-14

二、附录

1．毕业论文成绩评定表

2．答辩小组意见

3．答辩成绩评分表

4．论文指导记录

5．开题报告

CONTENTS

I.Introduction..................................................................................................1

IILiteratureReview………………………………………………………..2

2.1OverseasResearchStatus………………………………………………....2

2.2DomesticResearchStatus………………………………………...............3

III.Hardy’sFatalismview…………………………………………………4

3.1Hardy’sfatalismoriginatedinsocialbackground………………………….4

3.2Hardy’sfatalismoriginatedineducationalbackground……………………4

3.2.1Hardy’slifeexperience………………………………………………..5

3.2.2DarwinismandSpencer’sphilosophy…………………………………5

IV.TheThemeofFatalisminTessofd’Urbervilles……………….......6

4.1Thethemeoffatalismrevealedinsocialsettingsofthestory……………...6

4.1.1CustomaryMorality…………………………………………………..6

4.1.2ReligiousEthics……………………………………………………....7

4.2Thethemeoffatalismrevealedinaccidentsandcoincidences;omens

andsigns……………………………………………………………………7

4.2.1Accidentsandcoincidences…………………………………………..8

4.2.2OmensandSigns…………………………………………………….10

4.3WeaknessesintheTessPersonality………………………………………..11

4.3.1Tess’sproudandindependent………………………………………..12

4.3.2Tess’spassivityandsubmissiveness…………………………………12

4.3.3Tess’sover-evolvedsensitivity………………………………………13

V.Conclusion.......................................................................................................14

References……………………………………………………………………….15

Acknowledgements…………………………………………………................17

TheThemeofFatalismRevealedinTessofd’Urbervilles

LuQi

Abstract:

ThomasHardy’sworkdepictedthegreatchangesineconomy,politics,moralsandcustomsofBritishcountrysideattheturnofthecenturyandexploredthecausesofthesechangesfromtheinfiltrationofcapitalistdements,fromtheeternalconflictoftheuniverse.TheglamourofHardy’sworksliesinthecriticalconsciousnessoffatalismandtragedy.

Hardy’sthoughtsoffatalismareexpoundedfromtwoaspectsinthisthesis.First,thisthesisexpoundsthehistoricalbackground,culturalbackgroundandfamilybackground,andthesocialthoughtsundertheinfluenceofDarwin’sEvolutionismandSpencer’sphilosophy.ThethesisanalyzedtheformingandcharacteristicsofHardy’sfatalism.Itpointedoutthatinsteadofgivingventtohisfatalism,thisnovelaimedatadvocating“struggleforsurvival”,andpraisedthespiritofresistanceandcriticizedthecapitalizesocialhypocrisy.Secondly,thisthesisobservedfatalismembodiedin“Tessofd’Urbervilles”,inwhichthesocialbackgroundTesslivesinwasintroduced;theaccidentsandcoincidences,omensandnaturalenvironmentthenovelwereexplored;theweaknessesinTesspersonalitywerediscussed.

Keywords:

fatalism;tragedy;Tess;Hardy

试析小说《德伯家的苔丝》中的宿命论主题

路琪

【摘要】托马斯·哈代的创作描写世纪之交英国农村经济、政治、道德、风俗等方面的剧烈变化。

从资本主义因素入手，从宇宙生命，制度的永恒关系来探求这种变化的成因。

充满批判意识，宿命论和悲剧色彩是哈代的魅力所在。

本文从两大方面论述哈代的宿命论观点。

一是其命运观念的来源，从哈代生活的社会、教育、文化背景以及当时的社会主要思潮—达尔文进化论，斯宾塞得不可知论来叙述哈代宿命论思想体系的形成原因和特点。

我哈代小说的写作目的并不是悲观主义的宣泄，而是“为了生存而战”的呐喊。

他的代表作《苔丝》颂扬了这种抗争精神，批判虚伪而陈腐的资本主义道德观。

二是，哈代的命运主题在《苔丝》中的体现，分为三部分。

第一部分，分析苔丝悲剧的社会背景。

第二部分，通过《苔丝》中的事件与巧合，预兆与自然环境等详细论述苔丝悲剧的宿命主义观点。

第三部分，论述苔丝本人的性格特点，从中体现哈代本人的宿命观点。

【关键词】宿命论；悲剧；苔丝；哈代

TheThemeofFatalismRevealedinTessofd’Urbervilles

1.Introduction

HardyisthefirstEnglishnovelisttowriteaboutthecountrysideanditsinhabitantsinaseriousmanner.Asanovelistandwriterofshortstories,hebelongstotheAgeofVictoria.Thesonofastonemason，hewasbornonJune2,1840inDorsetshireinthesouthofEngland.HecalledhisnativedistrictWessexinhiswriting,whichrevivedtheancientAnglo—Saxonnamefortheregion.ItisevidentthathedrewconstantlyOiltheinspirationofferedtohimbythepeopleofthecountryinwhichhewasbornandspentmostofhislife.

WhenHardywasborn,DorsetwasoneofthepoorestcountriesinEngland.Butitsisolationfromtheoutsideworldmeantthatlocalcustomsandtraditionswerewellpreservedandsountouchedthere.Afewyearslater,thingsbegantochange.Theappearanceoftherailwayin1847broughttownandcountryclosertogether,atthesametime,forvariousreasons,therewasagrowingtendencyforpeopletoleavethelandforlifeinthetownsandcities,orelsetogiveuptheoldsealedwayoflifeforaseasonalmigrationfromjobtojob.Thischangeinevitablybroughtabouttheresultthattheconditionsunderwhichtraditions,customsandfolkstoriespassedfromgenerationtogenerationnolongerexisted.AllthechangeswerepresentedinHardy’snovels.

Duringhislongspanoflife,hisreligiousbeliefsalsoexperiencedgreatchanges,whichareembodiedinhisworks.AsaboyHardywasfirmlybroughtupasaChristian；hereadtheBibleandknewthewordsofthechurchservicesbyheart.ButwhenhegrewuphisfaithinreligiondisappearedandintheVictorianperiodthislossoffaithwasanexperiencesharedbymanypeople,especiallyyoungintellectuals,thiswasmainlyduetothepublicationofDarwin’sOriginofSpecieswhichgavetheworldthetheoryofevolutionknownasDarwinism.

ItiswellacknowledgedthattheheightofHardy’sachievementasanovelistwasreachedinhislasttwonovelsthatwerebothpublishedinthe1890’s.Thecentralfiguresinthetwonovels,TessandJude,arebothcrushedeventuallybythesocietyinwhichtheylive.Inthisthesis,adetailedanalysisistriedononeofthenovels，Tessofthed’Urbervilles,toshowthevariousreasonsoftheheroine’stragedy．

Althoughthistragicstoryfocusesupontheheroine’sloveandmarriage,yetwhatHardyattacksinthenovelisnotonlythesystemofmarriageinthehypocriticalbourgeoissocietybutalsoallthelegal,moral,andreligiousphenomenaoftheworldofcapitalistrelations.InthenovelHardygaveavividandrealisticdescriptionaboutthedestructionoftheEnglishpeasantrytowardstheendof19thcentury,theintrusionofcapitalismintocountrysideandpeople’sdoubtsonreligiousbeliefs．

2.LiteratureReview

ThomasHardyisatypicalfatalist,forhim;thereisasupernaturalforcethatsuppressesthehumanbeing.Hegivesthisforcethefirstsetofdestiny,andhisworkisfamousforembodiedpessimistfatalism.Chineseandforeignscholarsallthinkthatheisapessimistfatalist.

2.1OverseasResearchStatus

VirginiaWoolf（1982）inher“ThomasHardy’snovels”mentionedthatHardyhadprovedhawasanuancednatureobserver;shethinkshecandistinguishdifferencesbetweenalittlefallsonrootsorfarmland…Heownsviewsofsympathyorridiculeorstandundisturbedtohumandestiny.TheformerSovietUnion’sLiteraryHistorianOKnicks（1959）inhiswork“TheHardyRulers”alsothinksthatHardy’sfatewascommandednotonlyfromsocialcontradictions,butalsofromtheuniversemysteriouspower,andlethimpursuetheexplanationforthetragedyfactorsinlife.Huxley（1963）inhiswork“ThomasHuxley”mentionedthatthatheputthecomparesoflifeintoagame;hethinksthatman’sdestinyisinvisible,cruelandeverywhereprevailenemy.Pinion（1976）inhiswork“AHardCompanion”thinksthatnootherwork,eventheworksofShakespeare,canresembletheBiblethatsodeeplyimpactonHardy’sthoughtsandcharacters.Cliffs（1981）inhis“CliffsNotestoTomasHardy”pointedoutthatfateappearedasanartisticthemeinvariousforms,suchasopportunityandthetime,womenandsocialcustoms.Firstofall,inHardyopinion,accidentandopportunitiesaretheimportantfactorstoleadtotragedy.GeorgeSampson（1987）inhis“CompendiousCambridgeEnglishLiterature:

inthe19thCenturyPart”pointedoutthatHardyasatraditionalwriterwithoutmucheffection,whodidnotbelieveingod,alsonotbelieveingoddominanttheworld,willsuffer“adestinyarrangement”.Henchord（1992）thinksthatfatalismnotonlyasapureoutereffectivestrength,butalsoasainnereffectivestrengthfromheart;HethinksthatHardycharactersfate,reflectingthesocialrealityanddisasterforpeoplewhosufferedphysicallyandmentallypainandreaction（NieZhenzhao.Hardy’sNovelResearch-MiserableandResoluteArtist.1992）Evans（1996）thinksthatHardy’sintuitionaboutlifeisnotrigidintoakindofphilosophy,butitisadoctrine（LiTianyi.HardyFoundation.1938）

2.2DomesticResearchStatus

LiTianyi（1938）inhiswork“HardyFoundation”pointedoutthatThomasHardyisapessimisticfatalist,heconsidersthatdominationofthelifeisaquenchlessnaturalforce,whichwascalleddestiny…Thosewhowouldrestrainone’sdesire,notstruggleagainstfate,nomatteryour