研究生英语语法结构分析.docx
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研究生英语语法结构分析
Somealternativestomakeforyourself:
1.seetheglassashalf-fullorhalfempty?
2.focusyoureyeonthedoughnutoronthehole?
3.makedifficultiesofyouropportunitiesorviceversa/ortheotherwayround（makeopportunitiesofyourdifficulties）?
4.seeonlythedarksideoftheclouds/don'tseethecloudsatall/seebothsides?
5.stayupuntilmidnighttoseethenewyearin?
Orstayuptomakesuretheoldyearleaves?
Par.One:
Scrutinizethepowerofpositivethinking:
haveacloserexaminationofwhatoptimismcanbringabout仔细观察积极思维所起的作用
Sheleanedforwardtoscrutinizetheirfaces.向前探身，仔细端详其面容。
S~thedocumentsbeforesendingthemin.上交前仔细审查这些文件。
他的观点经不起认真推敲。
Hisargumentdoesn’tstanduptoscrutiny.
Par.2:
Alargebody/groupofpeople一大批人
Alargebody/amountofinformation/research/evidence大量的信息/研究/证据
Pessimist…islinkedtodepression,lonelinessandpainfulshyness.悲观与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。
（Line3-4）
Inoculate:
protectaperson/animalfromcatchingaparticulardiseasebyinjectingavaccine（['væksi:
n]）接种；打预防针
近义词：
immunize（['imju:
naiz]）sb.against使……有免疫能力
Ill:
（n.）（pl.）指疾病（complaint,disease,ailments,illness）、问题、弊端（abuse）：
socialills;economicills;theillsofthemodernworld现代世界的弊端
Par.3
Count:
haveweight;carryweight;beweighty
Eg.Isolatedinstancesdonotcount.个别情况不算数。
贵在心意/礼轻情意重。
It’sthethoughtthatcounts.（asmallbutkindactionofagift）
Par.5
Beimpressedby:
被……深深感动;对什么留下很深的印象
Eg.
It’snothingtobeimpressedby没有什么了不起的。
Itishardnottobeimpressedbyhistalentsandpassion.很难不被他的才学和激情所打动。
Par.6
Lookforloopholes寻找漏洞
Loopholes:
（法律上的）漏洞，空子Aloopholeinthelawisasmallmistakewhichallowspeopletodosomethingthatwouldotherwisebeillegal.
exploitsomeloopholesinthelaw钻法律漏洞
Theytightenedtheloopholesinthoseacts.他们堵住了那些法案中的漏洞。
taxloopholes征税漏洞
credit:
praisebecauseyou’reresponsibleforsth.goodthathashappened赞扬；认可
Itisdishonestofyoutotakecreditforworkthatwasdonebyothers.你把别人所做的工作归功于自己是不诚实的。
Theshow’ssuccesswasateameffortbutshegotallthecredits!
这次演出成功是集体努力的结果，而功劳却归了她一人！
Fluke:
侥幸;意外;偶然;歪打正着
（Ifyousaythatsomethinggoodisafluke,youmeanthatithappenedaccidentallyratherthanbybeingplannedorarranged. ）
Thediscoverywassomethingofafluke.这个发现多少有点机缘巧合。
Bysheerfluke（=byastrokeofluck）非常凑巧的是
Par.8:
Fulfill:
realize
~yourdreams/ambition实现梦想/抱负
~aduty/promise履行职责/诺言
（c.f.Fulfilling:
（a.）令人满足的.Eg.Afulfillingexperience有成就感的经历）
Aself-fillingprophecy一个自我实现的预言/自我应验的预言：
onethatbecomestruebecausepeopleexpectittobetrueandbehaveinawaythatwillmakeithappen.
Eg:
你如果预期失败/成功，就会失败/成功。
这是一种自我应验的预测。
Ifyouexpect/anticipatefailure（orsuccess）,youareboundto.Thisisaself-fulfillingprophecy.
Positiveornegative,itwasaself-fulfillingprophecy.无论是肯定的还是否定的/积极或者消极，都是一种本身会成为事实/能自我实现的预言。
Butoncewedecidethatwe'repowerless,ourpassivitywillhelpthisself-fulfillingprophecycometrue.但是一旦我们认定自己无能为力，我们的消极被动就会促成这种预言的自我实现。
Negativethoughts,attitudes,andexpectationsfeedonthemselves;theybecomeaself-fulfillingprophecy.消极的思想、态度和预想会自我支持/自成因果，成为一种能自我实现的预言。
Whenyoupredictanegativeoutcome,youmaybecreatingaself-fulfillingprophecy.当你预测的是一个消极的结果,你也许会制造一个“自我实现”的预言。
Par.9:
Thelitmustestforsth.:
Ingeneral,thelitmustestforseparatinghonestyfromcorruptioninofficialcirclesismoney.
一般来说，鉴别官场上廉洁与腐败的试金石是金钱。
Reachoutfor:
reachoutforyourdreams实现
梦想
reachoutforadvice征求意见
reachoutforhelp求助
reachoutfortheimpossible.
做那些实在做不到的事情
Failureshouldchallengeustoreachoutfornewheights,notdragusdowntodepthsofdespair.
失败应该是挑战我们爬到新高点，而不是拖垮我们进入绝望谷。
Neverreachoutforthingsthatdon'tbelongtoyou.
永远不要伸手拿不属于你的东西。
theplaythingoffortune
命运的玩物
Whenyoufeellonely,yourmobilephonemaybeyourbestplaything.
当你一个人空虚寂寞时，手机也许是你最好的玩物。
Par.10:
Recur/recurring/recurrent/recurrence
Eg.
Economiccrisesrecurperiodically.经济危机周期性地发生.
recurringproblems
recurrentmalignanttumor复发的恶性肿瘤
chronicorrecurrentbronchitis慢性或复发性支气管炎
Arecurrentheadache
Recurrenceofhisillness
HisencouragingwordsrecurredtomymindwheneverIwaslow.回响
Par.12:
Undermine:
vt.破坏；侵蚀……的基础；暗中破坏；冲蚀，削弱
Eg.
Offeringtoomuchadvicewillundermineherfeelingofbeingadult.会让她觉得自己不像个成年人
Hisopponents/rivalsarespreadingrumorstounderminehisauthority/thechancesofhissuccess.暗中破坏他的威信/降低成功的可能性
Buteverywherecorruptionandinefficiencyundermineimplementationoflawandsocialstability.腐败无能无处不在，破坏了法律的执行，影响了社会的稳定。
Immune/immunity/immunize/immunology免疫学
Heseemstobeimmunetoflattery.
Weareimmunefromsmallpoxastheresultofvaccination.免疫接种
Thechildhasreceivedimmunitytoavarietyofinfections.对多种感染的免疫能力
Par.13
Incline:
（使）偏向，倾向于；（使）认为；
Eg.
Iinclineto（take）theoppositepointofview.我倾向于持反对观点.
Iinclineto/towardtheviewthatheisright.我倾向于认为他是正确的。
Weareinclinedtomakesomeunwiseinvestmentchoices.在投资上我们很可能会作出一些不明智的决定
Growoutof:
1）developfrom;2）becometoobigtofitinto
Eg.
TheideaofthebookgrewoutofavisittoIndia.本书的构思源于到印度的一次访问。
He’sgrownoutof（=outgrown）theseshoes.
He’llsoon~~~wettingthebed/suckinghisthumbs.（改掉尿床/嘬大拇指的毛病）
Par.15
Landmark:
1）路标；里程碑；2）adj.有代表性的；有重大意义或深远影响的
Thiseventrepresentsalandmarkinworldhistory.是世界历史上的一个里程碑
Trytoformulateyourownpositionasyoureadtheselandmarkstatementsontheproblem.读到关于这一问题的代表性论述时,努力去建构自己的观点吧.
Flounder:
vi.挣扎；举步维艰；不知所措；
flounderingaboutinthewater在水中挣扎
Flounderingpeoplemaytrytograspatanystraw.病急乱投医。
Par.19
Leads:
可数名词
线索；头绪
Theinquiryteamisfollowinguppossibleleadsafterreceiving400callsfromthepublic.在接到民众400个热线电话后，调查组亦在对可能的线索进行追踪。
Par.20
Trialanderror反复试验；不断摸索；从失败中找到解决办法
Childrenlearntousecomputerprogramsby~and~.通过反复摸索学会运用计算机程序
Asuccessfuldesigntakesalotof~and~.成功的设计需要反复摸索。
learntoswimthroughtrialanderror通过反复适应才能学会游泳
PartSummary
[1~2]IntroductiontotheResearchProblem:
Anincreasingnumberofresearcheshavebeenconductedtostudythepowerofpositivethinking.Psychologistsbelievethatteachingpeopletothinkmorepositivelyislikeinoculatingthemagainstmentalillssuchasdepression,lonelinessandshyness.
[3~9]Theimportanceofself-confidenceinachievingsuccess
[3]AspointedbypsychologistScheier,one'sselfconfidenceisamoreimportantfactorthanone'sabilityinachievingsuccess.Onereasonwhyoptimistsaremorelikelytosucceedisthattheydealwithproblemsindifferentwaysthanpessimists.
[4~5]ExampleOne:
Schulman'sresearch.AmongthesalesrepresentativesinMetropolitanInsuranceCo.,optimists-bothexperiencedornewly-hired-soldmoreinsurancethanpessimists.[7]ExampleTwo:
Anderson'sresearch.WhenunabletoobtainblooddonationforRedCross,pessimistsgiveupreadilywhileoptimiststryadifferentapproach.
[8~9]Anderson'sexplanation:
Negativeorpositivethinkingisaself-fulfillingprophecy.Asenseofcontrolisthelitmustestforsuccess.
[10~12]Optimismgivespeopleamorehealthylife.[10]ExampleThree:
Livy'sresearch.Womenwithbreastcancerwilllivelongeriftheyareoptimistic.[11]ExampleFour:
Along-termstudyonHarvardGraduates.Optimismmaypreventdiseases.[12]ExampleFive:
Dr.ChristopherPeterson'sfindings.Thepessimistdoesn'ttakegoodcareofhimself,andthusthebody'simmunesystemisundermined.
[13~14]One'spatternofthinkingislearnedbehavior.Althoughmanypeoplearenoteasilyclassifiedaspessimistsoroptimists,theirwayofthinkingisahabitacquiredsincechildhood.
[15~16]Peoplecanbetrainedtothinkmorepositively.[15]ExampleSix:
Dr.CarolDweck'sworkwithflounderingschoolchildrenChangingexplanationsfortheirfailureresultedinimprovedacademicperformance.[16]ExampleSeven:
Dr.Levy'spilotstudywithcolon-cancerpatients.Forcolon-cancerpatients,psychologicalhelptoencourageoptimismbringsabetterresultthanmedicaltreatmentalone.
[17~20]Suggestionforbreakingthehabitofthinkingpessimistically.PsychologistSteveHollonsuggestedwetrybreakingthebadhabitinthreepracticalsteps:
1.Monitorone'sthoughtwhenbadthingshappen.2.Dosomethingcontrarytonegativereactions.3.Keeptrackoftheresults.
[21]Conclusion：
Basedonthestudiesconductedsofar,wecandrawtheconclusionthatoneislikelytogetwhatheexpectsfromtheworld（i.e.apersonoftenturnsoutwhathethinksheis）.
TextSummary
Citingtheresultsofnumerousresearchesandquotinganumberofpsychologists,ClaipeSafranshowstheimportanceofpositivethinking.Wearemorelikelytosucceedinworkandenjoybetterhealthifweadoptanoptimisticattitudetowardslife,includingitschallengesandblows.Whetherinclinedtobepessimisticoroptimistic,weacquirethethinkingpatternaswegrowup.However,wecanconsciouslytrainourselvestoturnourthinkingintomorepositivechannels.Wewillturnouttobewhatweexpecttobe.
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