综合计划.docx

综合计划.docx

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综合计划

综合计划Aggregatingplanning

Aggregateplans综合计划（productionplansorstaffingplans生产计划或员工安置计划）arestatementsofstrategythatspecifytime-phased以时间为阶段的productionorservicerates,workforcelevels员工水平,and（inmanufacturing）inventoryinvestment.Theseplansshowhowtheorganizationwillworktowardlonger-termobjectiveswhileconsideringthedemandandcapacitythatarelikelytoexistduringaplanninghorizonofonlyayearortwo在仅仅为一年或二年的规划周期内.

Inmanufacturingorganizations,theplanlinkingstrategicgoalstothemasterproductionschedule主生产计划iscalledtheproductionplan将战略目标和主生产计划联接在一起的计划称为生产计划.Inserviceorganizations,thestaffingplan员工计划linksstrategicgoalstotheworkforceschedule.

Toreducethelevelofdetail详细程度requiredintheplanningprocess,productsorservicesareaggregatedintoProductfamilies产品或服务家族,andLaborisaggregatedalongproductfamilylines产品家族线oraccordingtothegeneralskillsorservicesprovided.Timeisaggregatedintoperiodsofmonthsorquarters.

Fourpure,butgenerallyhigh-costplanningstrategiesarethetwolevelstrategies,whichmaintainaconstantworkforcesizeorproductionrate,andthetwochasestrategies,whichvaryworkforcelevelorproductionratetomatchfluctuationsindemand需求波动.【chase[]追逐__match[]匹配,使…与…一致__fluctuations[]波动】

Developingaggregateplansisaninteractiveprocessofdeterminingdemandrequirements;identifyingrelevantconstraints,alternatives,andcosts;preparingandapprovingaplan;andimplementingandupdatingtheplan.

Althoughspreadsheets,thetransportationmethod,andlinearprogrammingcanhelpanalyzecomplicatedalternatives,aggregateplanningisprimarilyanexerciseinconflictresolutionandcompromise.Ultimately,decisionsaremadebymanagers,notbyquantitativemethods.【complicated[]复杂的__resolution[]决心,决定】

综合计划：

Howtoaggregate

Whatitemsshouldbeaggregated?

Whycompaniesneedaggregateplansandhowtheyusethemtotakeamacro,orbig-picture,viewoftheirbusiness?

Theaggregateplanisusefulbecauseitfocusesonageneralcourseofaction,consistentwiththecompany’sstrategicgoalsandobjectives公司的战略设想和目标,withoutgettingboggeddown陷入困境indetails.Forthisreason,productionandstaffingplansarepreparedbygrouping,oraggregating,similarproducts,services,unitoflabor,orunitsoftime.

Forinstance,amanufacturerofbicyclesthatproduces12differentmodelsofbikesmightdividethemintotwogroups,mountainbikesandroadbikes,forthepurposeofpreparingtheaggregateplan.Itmightalsoconsideritsworkforceneedsintermsofunitsoflaborneededpermonth.Ingeneral,companiesaggregateproductsorservices,labor,andtime.

Theaggregateplanisusefulbecauseitfocusesonageneralcourseofaction,consistentwiththecompany'sstrategicgoalsandobjectives公司的战略设想和目标,withoutgettingboggeddownindetails.

Toreducethelevelofdetailrequiredintheplanningprocess,productsorservicesareaggregatedintoProductfamilies产品或服务家族,andLaborisaggregatedalongproductfamilylines产品家族线oraccordingtothegeneralskillsorservicesprovided.Timeisaggregatedintoperiodsofmonthsorquarters.

产品家族Productfamilies

Agroupofproductsorservicesthathavesimilardemandrequirementsandcommonprocessing,labor,andmaterialsrequirements相似的需求和相同的加工、劳动力和物料要求iscalledaproductfamily产品家族.

Commonandrelevantmeasurements,suchasunits,dollars,standardhours,gallons,orpound,shouldbeused.

Sometimesproductfamiliesrelatetomarketgroupingor,inthecaseofproductionplans,tospecificmanufacturingprocesses.

Afirmcanaggregateitsproductsorservicesintoasetofrelativelybroadfamilies公司可将其产品或服务综合成相对宽泛的家族,avoidingmuchdetailatthestageoftheplanningprocess.

Forexample,considerthebicyclemanufacturerthathasaggregatedallproductsintotwofamilies:

mountainbikesandroadbikes.

劳动力Labor

Acompanycanaggregatelaborinvariousways,dependingonworkforceflexibility公司可用多种方式对劳动力进行综合，这主要取决于劳动力柔性.

Forexample,ifworkersatthebicyclemanufactureraretrainedtoworkoneithermountainbikesorroadbikes,forplanningpurposesmanagementcanconsideritsworkforcetobeasingleaggregategroup,eventhoughtheskillsofindividualworkersmaydiffer.

Alternatively,managementcanaggregatelaboralongproductfamilylinesbysplittingtheworkforceintosubgroupsandassigningadifferentgrouptotheproductionofeachproductfamily.

Inserviceoperations,suchasacitygovernment,workersareaggregatedbythetypeofservicetheyprovide:

firefighters,policeofficers,sanitationworkers,andadministrators.

时间Time

Aplanninghorizonisthelengthoftimecoveredbyanaggregateplan综合计划所涵盖的时间长度称为计划周期.Typically,theplanninghorizonisoneyear,althoughitcandifferinvarioussituations.

Toavoidtheexpenseanddisruptiveeffectoffrequentchangesinoutputratesandtheworkforce,adjustmentsusuallyaremademonthlyorquarterly.Inotherwords,thecompanylooksattimeintheaggregate—months,quarters,orseasons,ratherthandaysorhours.

Inpractice,planningperiodsreflectabalancebetweentheneedsfor:

1）alimitednumberofdecisionpointstoreduceplanningcomplexity[]and2）flexibilitytoadjustoutputratesandworkforcelevelswhendemandforecastsexhibitseasonalvariations.

Itshouldconcentrateonthemanagerialinputs,objectives,alternatives,andstrategiesassociatedwithaggregateplans.

管理输入Managerialinputs

Whatkindofcross-functionalcoordinationisneeded?

Managerialinputs管理输入arerequiredfromthevariousfunctionalareasintheorganization组织中的各个职能领域.Thisapproachtypicallyraisesconflictingobjectives相互冲突的目标,suchashighcustomerservice,astableworkforce,andlowinventoryinvestment.Creativityandcross-functionalcompromise创造性和跨职能部门的折衷arerequiredtoreconciletheseconflicts协调冲突.

Managerialinputsfromfunctionalareastoaggregateplans

Thefigureshowsthetypesofinformationthatmangersfromvariousfunctionalareassupplytoaggregateplans.

Howtocoordinate

Whatkindofcross-functionalcoordinationisneeded需要哪一种跨职能部门的协调?

Onewayofensuringthenecessarycross-functionalcoordinationandsupplyofinformationistocreateacommitteeoffunctional-arearepresentatives创建职能领域的代表委员会.

Thecommitteeoffunctional-arearepresentatives,chairedbyageneralmanager由总经理主持,hastheoverallresponsibilitytomakesurethatcompanypoliciesarefollowed,conflictsareresolved,andafinalplanisapproved.

综合计划：

方式

Thetwobasictypesofalternativesarereactiveandaggressive.Reactivealternatives响应式的方法takecustomerdemandasagiven.Aggressivealternatives进取式的方法attempttochangethetimingorquantityofcustomertostabilizeproductionorserviceratesandreduceinventoryrequirements.【】

响应方式Reactivealternatives

Whatoptionsshouldbeconsideredtorespondingtounevendemand?

Reactivealternativesareactionsthatcanbetakentocopewithdemandrequirements.

Typically,anoperationsmanagercontrolsreactivealternatives典型地，营运经理控制响应式综合计划.Thatis,theoperationsmanageracceptsforecasteddemandasagivenandmodifiesworkforcelevels,overtime,vacationschedules,inventorylevels,subcontracting,andplannedbacklogstomeetthatdemand.

Decisionsabouttheuseofeachalternativeforeachperiodoftheplanninghorizonspecifytheoutputrateforeachperiod.Inotherwords,theoutputrateisafunctionofthechoicesamongthesealternatives.

1.Workforceadjustment

Managementcanadjustworkforcelevelsbyhiringorlayingoffemployees.Theuseofthisalternativecanbeattractiveiftheworkforceislargelyunskilledorsemiskilledandthelaborpoolislarge.

Attention:

Foraparticularcompany,thesizeofthequalifiedlaborpoolmaylimitthenumberofnewemployeesthatcanbehiredatanyonetime.Also,newemployeesmustbetrained,andthecapacityofthetrainingfacilitiesthemselvesmightlimitthenumberofnewhiresatanyonetime.

2.Anticipationinventory预期存货

Aplantfacingseasonaldemandcanstockanticipationinventoryduringlightdemandperiodsanduseitduringheavydemandperiods.

Althoughthisapproachstabilizesoutputratesandworkforcelevels,itcanbecostlybecausethevalueoftheproductisgreatestinitsfinishedstate.

3.Workforceutilization

Analternativetoworkforceadjustmentisworkforceutilizationinvolvingovertimeandunder-time.

（1）加班Overtime

Overtimeindicatesthetimethatemployeesworkthatislongerthantheregularworkdayorworkweek加班是指员工的工作时间比正常工作日长的时间,forwhichtheyreceiveadditionalpayfortheextrahours.

Overtimecanbeusedtosatisfyoutputrequirementsthatcannotbecompletedonregulartime.

Overtimeisexpensive（typically150percentoftheregular-timepayrate）.Moreover,workersoftendonotwanttoworkalotofovertimeforanextendedperiodoftime,andexcessiveovertimemayresultindecliningqualityandproductivity.

（2）减班Under-time

Under-timeindicatesthesituationthatoccurswhenemployeesdonotworkproductivityfortheregular-timeworkdayorworkweek.

Under-timeoccurswhenlaborcapacityexceedsaperiod’sdemandrequirements（netofanticipationinventory）andthisexcesscapacitycannotorshouldnotbeusedproductivitytobuildupinventoryortosatisfycustomerordersearlierthanthedeliverydatesalreadypromised.

Whenproductsorservicesarecustomized,anticipationinventoryisn’tusuallyanoption.

Under-timecaneitherbepaidorunpaid减班可以是有薪也可以是无薪的.Anexampleofunpaidunder-timeiswhenpart-timeemployeesarepaidonlyforthehoursordaysworked.Anexampleofpaidunder-timeiswhenemployeesarekeptonthepayrollratherthanbeinglaidoff.

4.Vacationschedules

Afir