环境工程考研英语复试专业问题.docx

环境工程考研英语复试专业问题.docx

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环境工程考研英语复试专业问题

1.EnvironmentalProblems

Theenvironmentisourphysicalsurroundings.Thisincludesbothhuman（man-made）,socialandphysical（natural）features.Naturalfeaturesincludesoil,theatmosphere,vegetationandwildlife.Humanfeaturesincludehousing,transportandindustry.Socialfeaturesincludethingssuchasculture,languageandpoliticalsystems.

Geographersareconcernedabouthumanactionintheenvironment.Humaninterferencewiththeenvironmentcausesproblemssuchassoilerosion,globalwarmingandacid.

Youmayaskhowweasindividualscanhaveanimpactontheenvironment.Ouractionscanhelptoincreaseanddecreasetheproblemshighlightedabove.Forexampleturningofflightsthatarenotbeingusedhelpstoreduceglobalwarming.

Questions：

1．Whatistheenvironment?

2．Howcanwehelptodecreasetheglobalwarmingproblems?

GlobalWarming

Globalwarmingistheworldwidewarmingoftheatmosphere.Tounderstandglobalwarmingyoufirstneedtoknowaboutthegreenhouseeffect.Thegreenhouseeffectisanaturalphenomenonthatcontrolsthebalanceofheatwithintheearth'satmosphere.Itistheprocesswherebythenaturallayerofgasesinouratmospheretrapasmallpercentageofthesun'sradiationreflectedfromtheearth'ssurface.Withoutthegreenhouseeffect,theaveragesurfacetemperaturewouldbeabout-18degreesCelsius.

Globalwarmingiscausedbytheincreasesintheamountofcarbondioxideandothergasesbeingreleasedintotheatmospherebytheburningoffossilfuels.Thesegasesaddtothenaturalgreenhouseeffect.Causingglobaltemperaturestorise.

Questions：

1.Whatisglobalwarming?

2.Whatcausesglobalwarming?

Atmosphericparticulatematter

Inrecentyears,ourcountryappearmuchhazeweather,whichisnowoftenreferredtoPM2.5.Specifically,PM2.5isintheatmosphereofdiameterlessthanorequalto2.5micronparticles,whichisalsoknownasentersthelungparticlematter.Itsdiameterislessthanthethicknessofahumanhair1/20.

Atmosphericparticulatematter-alsoknownasparticulatesorparticulatematter（PM）-aretinypiecesofsolidorliquidmatterassociatedwiththeEarth'satmosphere.Theyaresuspendedintheatmosphereas atmospheric aerosol,atermwhichreferstotheparticulate/airmixture,asopposedtotheparticulatematteralone.However,itiscommontousethetermaerosoltorefertotheparticulatecomponentalone.

Someparticulatesoccurnaturally,originatingfromvolcanoes,duststorms,forestandgrasslandfires,livingvegetation,andseaspray.Humanactivities,suchastheburningoffossilfuelsinvehicles,powerplantsandvariousindustrialprocessesalsogeneratesignificantamountsofparticulates.Coalcombustionindevelopingcountriesistheprimarymethodforheatinghomesandsupplyingenergy.

Particulatematteremissionsarehighlyregulatedinmostindustrializedcountries.Duetoenvironmentalconcerns,mostindustriesarerequiredtooperatesomekindofdustcollectionsystemtocontrolparticulateemissions.Thesesystemsincludeinertialcollectors（cyclonecollectors）,fabricfiltercollectors（baghouses）,wetscrubbers,andelectrostaticprecipitators.

Questions:

1、

1.WhatisAtmosphericparticulatematter?

2.Whatcausesglobalwarming?

Theacidityofacidrain

AcidityinrainismeasuredbycollectingsamplesofrainandmeasuringitspH.Tofindthedistributionofrainacidity,weatherconditionsaremonitoredandrainsamplesarecollectedatsitesalloverthecountry.Theareasofgreatestacidity（lowestpHvalues）arelocatedintheNortheasternUnitedStates.Thispatternofhighacidityiscausedbythelargenumberofcities,thedensepopulation,andtheconcentrationofpowerandindustrialplantsintheNortheast.Inaddition,theprevailingwinddirectionbringsstormsandpollutiontotheNortheastfromtheMidwest,anddustfromthesoilandrocksintheNortheasternUnitedStatesislesslikelytoneutralizeacidityintherain.

Questions：

1.Howdowemeasuretheacidityofrain?

2.Howdothedensityofpowerplantsaffectacidicrain?

4.TheGreenhouseEffect

Greenhouseeffectistheeffectproducedbytheaccumulationofcarbondioxidecrystalsandwatervaporintheupperatmosphere,whichinsulatestheearthandraisestheatmospherictemperaturebypreventingheatloss.Chlorofluorocarbonsalsohelpcreatethegreenhouseeffect.

AnumberofgasesintheatmospherearetransparenttoincomingsunlightbutabsorbtheheatemittedfromtheEarth'ssurfaceandreradiateitinalldirections,includingbacktowardthesurface.Asaresult,thesurfaceiswarmedmorethanitwouldhavebeenintheabsenceofthesegases,whichserveapurposesimilartothatoftheglasswallsofagreenhouse.

Globalwarmingreferstotheenhancementofthenaturalgreenhouseeffectduetorisingatmosphericconcentrationsofgreenhousegasesresultingfromhumanactivities.

Questions：

1.Whatisthegreenhouseeffect?

2.Howtoreduceatmosphericparticulatepollution？

3.WATERPOLLUTION

Comprisingover70%oftheEarth’ssurface,waterisundoubtedlythemostpreciousnaturalresourcethatexistsonourplanet. Withouttheseeminglyinvaluablecompoundcomprisedofhydrogenandoxygen,lifeonEarthwouldbenon-existent:

itisessentialforeverythingonourplanettogrowandprosper. Althoughweashumansrecognizethisfact,wedisregarditbypollutingourrivers,lakes,andoceans.Subsequently,weareslowlybutsurelyharmingourplanettothepointwhereorganismsaredyingataveryalarmingrate. Inadditiontoinnocentorganismsdyingoff,ourdrinkingwaterhasbecomegreatlyaffectedasisourabilitytousewaterforrecreationalpurposes. Inordertocombatwaterpollution,wemustunderstandtheproblemsandbecomepartofthesolution.

Questions：

1.Whyisitimportantforustounderstandthewaterpollutionproblems?

2.Howimportantiswaterforourhumanbeing?

Whatisacidrain?

Theterm"acidrain"iscommonlyusedtomeanthedepositionofacidiccomponentsinrain,snow,fog,dew,ordryparticles.Themoreaccuratetermis"acidprecipitation."Distilledwater,whichcontainsnocarbondioxide,hasaneutralpHof7.LiquidswithapHlessthan7areacid,andthosewithapHgreaterthan7arealkaline（orbasic）."Clean"orunpollutedrainhasaslightlyacidicpHof5.6,becausecarbondioxideandwaterintheairreacttogethertoformcarbonicacid,aweakacid.AroundWashington,D.C.,however,theaveragerainpHisbetween4.2and4.4.

Theextraacidityinraincomesfromthereactionofairpollutants,primarilysulfuroxidesandnitrogenoxides,withwaterintheairtoformstrongacids（likesulfuricandnitricacid）.Themainsourcesofthesepollutantsarevehiclesandindustrialandpower-generatingplants.InWashington,themainlocalsourcesarecars,trucks,andbuses.

Questions:

WhatisthepHofthecleanrain?

WhyisthepHofcleanrainlessthan7?

Theacidityofacidrain

（2）

AcidityinrainismeasuredbycollectingsamplesofrainandmeasuringitspH.Tofindthedistributionofrainacidity,weatherconditionsaremonitoredandrainsamplesarecollectedatsitesalloverthecountry.Theareasofgreatestacidity（lowestpHvalues）arelocatedintheNortheasternUnitedStates.Thispatternofhighacidityiscausedbythelargenumberofcities,thedensepopulation,andtheconcentrationofpowerandindustrialplantsintheNortheast.Inaddition,theprevailingwinddirectionbringsstormsandpollutiontotheNortheastfromtheMidwest,anddustfromthesoilandrocksintheNortheasternUnitedStatesislesslikelytoneutralizeacidityintherain.

Questions：

Howdowemeasuretheacidityofrain?

Howdothedensityofpowerplantsaffectacidicrain?

1.Whichkindofprofessordoyoulikebest?

2.What　impressed　you　most　when　you　were　at　university?

3.Do　you　think　the　subjects　you　are　studying　today　are　relevant　to　present-day　society?

　Why?

4.Does　your　family　support　your　decision　on　studying?

　What　help　do　they　offer?

5.Where　have　you　been　traveling　to?

　Which　place　interested　you　most?

6.WhatdoyouthinkabouttherelationshipbetweeneducationandemploymentaftergraduationfromtheUniversity