新题型高考英语 04阅读理解专练 议论文5篇.docx
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新题型高考英语04阅读理解专练议论文5篇
阅读理解专练 议论文5篇
Passage1(2017北京,D)
Hollywood’stheorythatmachineswithevil(邪恶的)mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence(AI)maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell-knownmathematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics(控制论),putitthisway:
“Ifweuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere(干预),wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.”
Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:
awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,thisqualityisnotin-born,norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans;itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful,then,wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined,superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown,withtherealworldasthechessboard.
Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.Unfortunately,thatplanseemsunlikelytowork:
wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans,letalonesuperintelligentmachines.
SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand,asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust“switchthemoff”asifsuperintelligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11,1933,famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated,withconfidence,“Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationoftheseatomsistalkingmoonshine.”However,onSeptember12,1933,physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutron-induced(中子诱导)nuclearchainreaction.
1.Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay .
A.runoutofhumancontrol
B.satisfyhuman’srealdesires
C.commandarmiesofkillerrobots
D.workfasterthanamathematician
2.Machineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartlybecausetheymightbeableto .
A.preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyed
B.achievetheiroriginalgoalsindependently
C.doanythingsuccessfullywithgivenorders
D.beathumansininternationalchessmatches
3.Accordingtosomeresearchers,wecanusefirewallsto .
A.helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetter
B.besecureagainstevilhumanbeings
C.keepmachinesfrombeingharmed
D.avoidrobots’affectingtheworld
4.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines?
A.ItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI.
B.Itwillgetworsewithhumaninterference.
C.Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty.
D.Itwillstayforadecade.
Passage2(2016课标Ⅰ,D)
Themeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups.Silencesmaybethoughtful,ortheymaybeemptywhenapersonhasnothingtosay.Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,uneasiness,orworry.Silencemaybeviewedbysomeculturalgroupsasextremelyuncomfortable;thereforeattemptsmaybemadetofilleverygap(间隙)withconversation.Personsinotherculturalgroupsvaluesilenceandviewitasnecessaryforunderstandingaperson’sneeds.
ManyNativeAmericansvaluesilenceandfeelitisabasicpartofcommunicatingamongpeople,justassometraditionalChineseandThaipersonsdo.Therefore,whenapersonfromoneoftheseculturesisspeakingandsuddenlystops,whatmaybeimplied(暗示)isthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing.Inthesecultures,silenceisacallforreflection.
Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways,particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamongpeopleorinrelationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamountsofpower.Forexample,Russian,French,andSpanishpersonsmayusesilencetoshowagreementbetweenpartiesaboutthetopicunderdiscussion.However,Mexicansmayusesilencewheninstructionsaregivenbyapersoninauthorityratherthanberudetothatpersonbyarguingwithhimorher.Instillanotheruse,personsinAsianculturesmayviewsilenceasasignofrespect,particularlytoanelderorapersoninauthority.
Nursesandothercare-giversneedtobeawareofthepossiblemeaningsofsilencewhentheycomeacrossthepersonalanxietytheirpatientsmaybeexperiencing.Nursesshouldrecognizetheirownpersonalandculturalconstructionofsilencesothatapatient’ssilenceisnotinterruptedtooearlyorallowedtogoonunnecessarily.Anursewhounderstandsthehealing(治愈)valueofsilencecanusethisunderstandingtoassistinthecareofpatientsfromtheirownandfromothercultures.
1.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutsilenceinconversations?
A.Itimpliesanger. B.Itpromotesfriendship.
C.Itisculture-specific. D.Itiscontent-based.
2.Whichofthefollowingpeoplemightregardsilenceasacallforcarefulthought?
A.TheChinese. B.TheFrench.
C.TheMexicans. D.TheRussians.
3.Whatdoestheauthoradvisenursestodoaboutsilence?
A.Letitcontinueasthepatientpleases.
B.Breakitwhiletreatingpatients.
C.Evaluateitsharmtopatients.
D.Makeuseofitshealingeffects.
4.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?
A.SoundandSilence
B.WhatItMeanstoBeSilent
C.SilencetoNativeAmericans
D.SpeechIsSilver;SilenceIsGold
Passage3(2016浙江,A)
“DidyouhearwhathappenedtoAdamlastFriday?
”LindseywhisperstoTori.
Withhereyesshining,Toribrags,“YoubetIdid.Seantoldmetwodaysago.”
WhoareLindseyandToritalkingabout?
Itjusthappenstobeyourstruly,AdamFreedman.Icantellyouthatwhattheyaresayingis(a)notniceand(b)noteventrue.Still,LindseyandToriaren’tverydifferentfrommoststudentshereatLintonHighSchool,includingme.Manyofourconversationsaregossip(闲话).Ihavenoticedthreeeffectsofgossip:
itcanhurtpeople,itcangivegossipersastrangekindofsatisfaction,anditcancausesocialpressuresinagroup.
Animportantnegativeeffectofgossipisthatitcanhurtthepersonbeingtalkedabout.Usually,gossipspreadsinformationaboutatopic—breakups,troubleathome,evendroppingout—thatapersonwouldratherkeepsecret.Themoreembarrassingorshamefulthesecretis,thejuicierthegossipitmakes.Probablytheworsttypeofgossipistheabsolutelie.Peopleoftenthinkofgossipersasharmless,butcruelliescancausepain.
Ifweknowthatgossipcanbeharmful,thenwhydosomanyofusdoit?
Theanswerliesinanothereffectofgossip:
thesatisfactionitgivesus.Sharingthelatestrumor(传言)canmakeapersonfeelimportantbecauseheorsheknowssomethingthatothersdon’t.Similarly,hearingthelatestrumorcanmakeapersonfeellikepartofthe“ingroup.”Inotherwords,gossipissatisfyingbecauseitgivespeopleasenseofbelongingorevensuperiority(优越感).
Gossipalsocanhaveathirdeffect:
itstrengthensunwritten,unspokenrulesabouthowpeopleshouldact.ProfessorDavidWilsonexplainsthatgossipisimportantinpolicingbehaviorsinagroup.Translatedintohighschoolterms,thismeansthatifeverybodyyouhangaroundwithislaughingatwhatJohnworeorwhatJanesaid,thenyoucanbetthatwearingorsayingsomethingsimilarwillgetyouthesamekindofnegativeattention.Thedo’sanddon’tsconveyedthroughgossipwillnevershowupinanystudenthandbook.
Theeffectsofgossipvarydependingonthesituation.Thenexttimeyoufeeltheurgetospreadthelatestnews,thinkaboutwhyyouwanttogossipandwhateffectsyour“juicystory”mighthave.
1.Theauthorusesaconversationatthebeginningofthepassageto .
A.introduceatopic B.presentanargument
C.describethecharacters D.clarifyhiswritingpurpose
2.Animportantnegativeeffectofgossipisthatit .
A.breaksuprelationships
B.embarrassesthelistener
C.spreadsinformationaround
D.causesunpleasantexperiences
3.Intheauthor’sopinion,manypeopleliketogossipbecauseit .
A.givesthemafeelingofpleasure
B.helpsthemtomakemorefriends
C.makesthembetterattellingstories
D.enablesthemtomeetimportantpeople
4.ProfessorDavidWilsonthinksthatgossipcan .
A.providestudentswithwrittenrules
B.helppeoplewatchtheirwonbehaviors
C.forceschoolstoimprovestudenthandbooks
D.attractthepolice’sattentiontogroupbehaviors
5.Whatadvicedoestheauthorgiveinthepassage?
A.Neverbecomeagossiper.
B.Stayawayfromgossipers.
C.Don’tletgossipturnintolies.
D.Thinktwicebeforeyougossip.
Passage4(2016北京,D)
WhyCollegeIsNotHome
Thecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However,nowtheyarebecominganextendedperiodofadolescence,duringwhichmanyoftoday’sstudentsarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.
Forpreviousgenerations,collegewas