环境病毒学导论.docx
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环境病毒学导论
INTRODUCTIONTOENVIRONMENTALVIROLOGY
Overview
1.Whatisenvironmentalvirology?
2.Whydowestudyenvironmentalvirology?
3.Whatdowestudyinthiscourse?
4.Howwillwestudyinthiscourse?
5.Textbook
6.Grade
WhatisEnvironmentalVirology?
1.Whatisenvironment?
●air,water,soil
●anythingoutsideanindividual个人的
2.Whatisvirus?
●specialorganism生物体:
noncellularentitycontaininggeneticsubstancesofDNA,RNAorprotein,capableofintracellular细胞内(cellularparasitic寄生的)reproduction-entitybetweenorganismandnon-organism
●poliovirus小儿麻痹症,smallpox天花,HIV,HAV(HBV,HCV),SARS,enterovirus肠病毒,TMV,phage,prion阮病毒,etc.
3.WhatisEnvironmentalVirology?
●tostudyvirusbehaviorsinenvironments:
types,amounts,sources,transferring,surviving,replication复制,evolution进化,etc.(ecologicalvirology-theory)
●tomitigate缓和environmentalpollution(includingviruspollution)throughvirus:
disinfection消毒,reductionofgreenhousegases,controlofredtide赤潮(cyanobacteria蓝藻细菌),monitoringofenterovirus,etc.(environmentalvirology-application)
WhydowestudyEnvironmentalVirology?
1.Virusisoneofthemajorbiologicalpollutants(pathogens致病菌-negativeaspect).
●smallpox(smallpoxvirus)
●polio脊髓灰质炎(poliovirus)
●flu(influenza)
●measle麻疹(measlesvirus)
●diarrhea腹泻(enterovirus)
●cancer(HBV)
2.Viruscancontrolenvironmentalpollutants(remediation修复andmonitoring-positiveaspect).
●toremoveenterovirusbyphage
●tokillcyanobacteria蓝藻细菌byphage
●tomitigate缓和greenhousegases
●tomonitortreatmenteffects处理效果
“未来与人类竞争世界的唯一对手是病毒。
”
乔苏亚。
莱德伯格(1958年生物及医学诺贝尔奖)“人类的幸存不是预先注定的。
。
。
。
。
。
人类在这个星球上继续行使主宰权的最大威胁是病毒。
”
霍金“如果不能在太空中找到新的适合人类居住的星球的话,人类最终会被一种致命的病毒消灭殆尽。
”
Whatdowestudyinthecourse“EnvironmentalVirology”?
1.HistoryofEnvironmentalVirology
2.BasicsofVirology
●characteristics(size,shape,chemicalcomposition,structure,etc.)
●infection
●classification
●phagecharacteristics
●phageclassification
3.Virologicalmethods
●Concentration浓缩
●Purification提纯
●culcuring
●enumerationanddetection
4.Phageecologyandenvironmentalprotection
●microbialloop微生物环andmattercycling物质循环
●pollutantremoval
5.Viruspollutionandremoval
●drinkingwater
●sewage
●sludge
HowdowestudyEnvironmentalVirology?
Tolearnwhataretaughtintheclassandreadthedesignated指定的materials(lecture)
HistoryofEnvironmentalVirology
1.Periodpriortovirusdiscovery(before1886)
●recordofsmallpoxsymptominChina(aroundB.C.1000)
●recordofrabiessymptom(Aristotle,aroundB.C.400)
●recordofsilkwormnucleopolyhedrovirussymptominChina(陈旉aroundthemiddleof12thcentury)
●preventionofsmallpoxthroughhumanpoxinoculationinChina(张璐aroundthemiddleof16thcentury)
●tulipbreakingvirus&mosaicvirusinNetherland(intheearly17thcentury)
●developmentofcowpoxinoculation(EdwardJenner,1798)
●vaccineforrabies(Pasteur,1884)
2.Periodofvirusdiscovery(1886to1930)
●demonstrationofTMVbeinginfectious(AdolfMayer,1886)and(DimifriIvanofsky,1892)
●demonstrationofexistenceoffilterableandreplicablepathogens,whichwerecalled“virus”causingTMVdisease(MartinusW.Beijerink,1898)
●demonstrationofcattlehoof-and-mouthdiseasecausedbyfilterablepathogens(FriedrichLoefflerandPaulFrosch,1898)
●demonstrationofviruscausing“yellowfever”(WalterReed,intheendof19thcentury)
●demonstrationofleukemiatransmissionbetweenchickensbycell-freefiltrates(V.EllermannandO.Bang,shortlyaftertheturnofthecentury)
●demonstrationofviruscausingmalignantmuscletumorinchickens(PeytonRous,1911)
●demonstrationofbacterialvirusformingplagueonmedia(FrederickW.Twort,1915),whichwascalled“bacteriophage”(Felixd’Herelle,1917)
●demonstrationofmanyfilterableviruses(duringthefirst30yearsofthe20thcentury)
3.Periodofvirusnaturestudy(1930to1940)
●crystallizationofTMVdemonstratingitsproteinnature(WendellM.Stanley,1935)
●separationofTMVintoproteinandnucleicacid(FrederickC.BawdenandNormanW.Pirie,1936)
●electronmicroscopicobservationofTMV(KauscheandRuska,1939)
4.Periodofvirusinfection,molecularbiology,andenvironmentalvirology(after1940)
●isolationofpolioandmanyotherenterovirusesfromsewageandrecognitionofpossibilityofwaterpollutionincausingpolioandotherenterovirusinfection(1940-1960)
●demonstrationofstrongerresistanceofenterovirusthanenterobacteriatochlorinedisinfectionduringwatertreatmentandthusproposalofcoliphageasanindicatorofenterovirus,theminimuminfectiondoseofenterovirusbeing1,andwater-borneHAV(1940to1965)
●thefirstinternationalconferenceonenvironmentalvirologyinCincinnati,America(1965)
●developmentofvirusconcentrationanddetectiontechniquefrom400Ldrinkingwaterand40Lrecreationwater,determinationofvirusconcentrationrangesinsewageandtheeffectivenessofregularwatertreatmentsinvirusremoval,andrecognitionofshellfishroleintransmissionofwater-bornevirus(duringthetenyearsafter1965)
●Proposalofvirologicalsafetystandardofdrinkingwater,irrigationwater,waterforshellfishcultivation,andregeneratedwaterintheinternationalconferenceheldinMexico(1974)
●attemptofsettingupvirologicalstandardofdrinkingwaterintheinternationalconferenceheldinIsrael(1982)
●establishmentoftransmissionroutes(survivalandtransmissioninwater,sewage,sludge,undergroundwater,soils,shellfish)andapplicationofmolecularbiologicalmethods(1980-today)
●suggestionofphageimportanceindynamicsofmicrobialpopulation(WiebeandListon,1968)andproposalof“microbialloop”anditsimportanceinmattercycling(Pomeroy,1974)
●discoveryofhighconcentrationofvirusinthebaywaterwithTEM(TorellaandMorita,1979)
●discoveryofphagenumbermorethanthatofbacteriaandphageinfectioncausingsignificantmortalityofprokaryotesinaquaticsystems(around1990)
●viralcarbonrepresenting5%ofbacterialcarbonpool(WilhelmandSuttle,1999)andviralroleinNandPcycles(around2002)
●proposalofgreenhousegasescontrol,redtidecontrol,pathogencontrolindrinkingwaterthroughphages(recentdecades)
*virusimportancetomolecularbiology:
DNAasgeneticmaterial,geneticcodon密码子,operon操纵子theory,restrictionendonuclease限制性内切核酸酶,reversetranscription反转录enzyme,ligase连接酶,T4DNApolymerase聚合酶,vectors载体
CharacteristicsofVirus
1.Composition(chemicalcomponents)
●DNAorRNA:
<30%;protein:
70~95%;lipid脂质:
afewto50%;carbohydrate:
afew%(p.48-49)
●Amine胺(putrescine腐胺&spermine精胺,spermidine亚精胺)andmetalions(iron,calcium,magnesium,copper,aluminum,etc.):
trace
●reviewofbiologicalmacromolecules大分子(protein,lipid,carbohydrate,nucleicacid)
2.Morphology(physicaloutlook)
●size:
16to490nm,normally<200nm,phage<100nm(p.44)
●shape:
spherical球形,rod(bullet,club棒状,string),tadpole蝌蚪(sphericalhead+rodtail尾巴)(p.44)
3.Structure(spatialarrangement空间排列ofcomponents组分)
●Overallthreelayersbutmainlytwolayers:
nucleicacidsinsideproteinshell,sometimeswithlipidenvelope
specialtypes:
tectivirus复层病毒,corticovirus披盖病毒,vaccinia牛痘,plasmavirus芽生病毒,subvirus亚病毒(viroid类病毒,prion)
afewterms:
virion病毒粒子,capsid衣壳(proteincoat蛋白质外壳,proteinshell),nucleocapsid核衣壳(nucleoprotein核蛋白质),structureunit(proteinsubunit),morphologicunit-capsomer,衣壳体envelope-peplos包膜,spike,peplomer病毒包膜粒
●Lipidenvelope
lipidbilayer脂双层(drawing),mainlyfromhosts宿主(plasma等离子体,血浆ornucleimembranes)withsomebeingspecial(tectivirus复层病毒&corticovirus披盖病毒)
lipoprotein脂蛋白:
glycoprotein糖蛋白,transmembrane跨膜的protein(absorption&transportchannel运输通道)
commonforanimalvirusbutnotcommonforplantandbacterialvirus细菌病毒
●Proteinshell
Helical螺旋形的form-rod棒状(basic:
p.22,a&b;phage:
nonucleicacidsincentralspace)
Icosahedral二十面体的andicosadeltahedron三角二十面体form-spherical,12vertices顶点witheachformedfrom5triangles,5subunits亚单位亚基pervertices顶点(atanangle)orminimum3subunitspertriangle(notatanangle),minimum60subunitsandtotalnumberofsubunitsbeingmultiplication乘法of60,commonlysubunitpolymers(dimer二聚体,trimer三聚体,pentamer五聚体,andhexamer六聚体)(basic:
p.25,figure2-9,a,top;otherforms:
p.25,table2-2);theoreticalexplanation:
maximizingspace,enclosure附件,stability
Mproteinlayer:
mainlyinthecapsid衣壳,connectionbetweencapsidandenvelope(influenza流感,p.347,figure16.17,b)
doublelayers(tectivirus复层病毒&corticovirus披盖病毒)andfourlayers(vaccinia牛痘,p.29,figure2-12)
tail尾巴:
p.28,figure2-11(collar,core核心,sheath外壳,fiber纤维,pin大头针,baseplate基板)
●Nucleicacidcore(p.30-32,figure3-1&3-2)
DNAorRNA:
DNAmainlyforphage,RNAmainlyforplantvirus,DNAandRNAforanimalvirus
singlestrand(ss)ordoublestrand(ds):
mainlydsDNAandssRNA,somessDNAanddsRNA,HBV(partialssandpartialds),T5(alternating交替ssanddsDNA)
linearorcircular:
bothforss&dsDNA,linearforss&dsRNA,circularforviroid类病毒
closedoropen:
vaccinia牛痘(closedlineardsDNA),PM2(closedcirculardsDNA)
singleormultiplesegments片段(singleandmultipleparticles):
multipleformostdsRNA(indifferentcapsids)andmanyssRNA(influenza,tobaccorattlevirus-TRV,烟草脆裂病毒ofteninthesamecapsids)
VirusInfection
1.Concept
●Definition:
establishmentandmultiplication增殖ofviralDNAorRNAorprionproteinsinhostcells
●Type:
lytic细胞溶解酶的,budding出芽(extrusion挤压),lysogenic生成细胞溶素的,pseudolysogenic(carrierstate携带状态),(p.131/figure2),abortive流产的
2.Process
●Stages
Absorption(notforplantvirus)
Penetration穿透
Uncoating脱壳(notf