环境病毒学导论.docx

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环境病毒学导论.docx

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环境病毒学导论.docx

环境病毒学导论

INTRODUCTIONTOENVIRONMENTALVIROLOGY

 

Overview

1.Whatisenvironmentalvirology?

2.Whydowestudyenvironmentalvirology?

3.Whatdowestudyinthiscourse?

4.Howwillwestudyinthiscourse?

5.Textbook

6.Grade

 

WhatisEnvironmentalVirology?

1.Whatisenvironment?

●air,water,soil

●anythingoutsideanindividual个人的

2.Whatisvirus?

●specialorganism生物体:

noncellularentitycontaininggeneticsubstancesofDNA,RNAorprotein,capableofintracellular细胞内(cellularparasitic寄生的)reproduction-entitybetweenorganismandnon-organism

●poliovirus小儿麻痹症,smallpox天花,HIV,HAV(HBV,HCV),SARS,enterovirus肠病毒,TMV,phage,prion阮病毒,etc.

3.WhatisEnvironmentalVirology?

●tostudyvirusbehaviorsinenvironments:

types,amounts,sources,transferring,surviving,replication复制,evolution进化,etc.(ecologicalvirology-theory)

●tomitigate缓和environmentalpollution(includingviruspollution)throughvirus:

disinfection消毒,reductionofgreenhousegases,controlofredtide赤潮(cyanobacteria蓝藻细菌),monitoringofenterovirus,etc.(environmentalvirology-application)

 

WhydowestudyEnvironmentalVirology?

1.Virusisoneofthemajorbiologicalpollutants(pathogens致病菌-negativeaspect).

●smallpox(smallpoxvirus)

●polio脊髓灰质炎(poliovirus)

●flu(influenza)

●measle麻疹(measlesvirus)

●diarrhea腹泻(enterovirus)

●cancer(HBV)

2.Viruscancontrolenvironmentalpollutants(remediation修复andmonitoring-positiveaspect).

●toremoveenterovirusbyphage

●tokillcyanobacteria蓝藻细菌byphage

●tomitigate缓和greenhousegases

●tomonitortreatmenteffects处理效果

“未来与人类竞争世界的唯一对手是病毒。

乔苏亚。

莱德伯格(1958年生物及医学诺贝尔奖)“人类的幸存不是预先注定的。

人类在这个星球上继续行使主宰权的最大威胁是病毒。

霍金“如果不能在太空中找到新的适合人类居住的星球的话,人类最终会被一种致命的病毒消灭殆尽。

 

Whatdowestudyinthecourse“EnvironmentalVirology”?

1.HistoryofEnvironmentalVirology

2.BasicsofVirology

●characteristics(size,shape,chemicalcomposition,structure,etc.)

●infection

●classification

●phagecharacteristics

●phageclassification

3.Virologicalmethods

●Concentration浓缩

●Purification提纯

●culcuring

●enumerationanddetection

4.Phageecologyandenvironmentalprotection

●microbialloop微生物环andmattercycling物质循环

●pollutantremoval

5.Viruspollutionandremoval

●drinkingwater

●sewage

●sludge

 

HowdowestudyEnvironmentalVirology?

Tolearnwhataretaughtintheclassandreadthedesignated指定的materials(lecture)

HistoryofEnvironmentalVirology

1.Periodpriortovirusdiscovery(before1886)

●recordofsmallpoxsymptominChina(aroundB.C.1000)

●recordofrabiessymptom(Aristotle,aroundB.C.400)

●recordofsilkwormnucleopolyhedrovirussymptominChina(陈旉aroundthemiddleof12thcentury)

●preventionofsmallpoxthroughhumanpoxinoculationinChina(张璐aroundthemiddleof16thcentury)

●tulipbreakingvirus&mosaicvirusinNetherland(intheearly17thcentury)

●developmentofcowpoxinoculation(EdwardJenner,1798)

●vaccineforrabies(Pasteur,1884)

2.Periodofvirusdiscovery(1886to1930)

●demonstrationofTMVbeinginfectious(AdolfMayer,1886)and(DimifriIvanofsky,1892)

●demonstrationofexistenceoffilterableandreplicablepathogens,whichwerecalled“virus”causingTMVdisease(MartinusW.Beijerink,1898)

●demonstrationofcattlehoof-and-mouthdiseasecausedbyfilterablepathogens(FriedrichLoefflerandPaulFrosch,1898)

●demonstrationofviruscausing“yellowfever”(WalterReed,intheendof19thcentury)

●demonstrationofleukemiatransmissionbetweenchickensbycell-freefiltrates(V.EllermannandO.Bang,shortlyaftertheturnofthecentury)

●demonstrationofviruscausingmalignantmuscletumorinchickens(PeytonRous,1911)

●demonstrationofbacterialvirusformingplagueonmedia(FrederickW.Twort,1915),whichwascalled“bacteriophage”(Felixd’Herelle,1917)

●demonstrationofmanyfilterableviruses(duringthefirst30yearsofthe20thcentury)

3.Periodofvirusnaturestudy(1930to1940)

●crystallizationofTMVdemonstratingitsproteinnature(WendellM.Stanley,1935)

●separationofTMVintoproteinandnucleicacid(FrederickC.BawdenandNormanW.Pirie,1936)

●electronmicroscopicobservationofTMV(KauscheandRuska,1939)

4.Periodofvirusinfection,molecularbiology,andenvironmentalvirology(after1940)

●isolationofpolioandmanyotherenterovirusesfromsewageandrecognitionofpossibilityofwaterpollutionincausingpolioandotherenterovirusinfection(1940-1960)

●demonstrationofstrongerresistanceofenterovirusthanenterobacteriatochlorinedisinfectionduringwatertreatmentandthusproposalofcoliphageasanindicatorofenterovirus,theminimuminfectiondoseofenterovirusbeing1,andwater-borneHAV(1940to1965)

●thefirstinternationalconferenceonenvironmentalvirologyinCincinnati,America(1965)

●developmentofvirusconcentrationanddetectiontechniquefrom400Ldrinkingwaterand40Lrecreationwater,determinationofvirusconcentrationrangesinsewageandtheeffectivenessofregularwatertreatmentsinvirusremoval,andrecognitionofshellfishroleintransmissionofwater-bornevirus(duringthetenyearsafter1965)

●Proposalofvirologicalsafetystandardofdrinkingwater,irrigationwater,waterforshellfishcultivation,andregeneratedwaterintheinternationalconferenceheldinMexico(1974)

●attemptofsettingupvirologicalstandardofdrinkingwaterintheinternationalconferenceheldinIsrael(1982)

●establishmentoftransmissionroutes(survivalandtransmissioninwater,sewage,sludge,undergroundwater,soils,shellfish)andapplicationofmolecularbiologicalmethods(1980-today)

●suggestionofphageimportanceindynamicsofmicrobialpopulation(WiebeandListon,1968)andproposalof“microbialloop”anditsimportanceinmattercycling(Pomeroy,1974)

●discoveryofhighconcentrationofvirusinthebaywaterwithTEM(TorellaandMorita,1979)

●discoveryofphagenumbermorethanthatofbacteriaandphageinfectioncausingsignificantmortalityofprokaryotesinaquaticsystems(around1990)

●viralcarbonrepresenting5%ofbacterialcarbonpool(WilhelmandSuttle,1999)andviralroleinNandPcycles(around2002)

●proposalofgreenhousegasescontrol,redtidecontrol,pathogencontrolindrinkingwaterthroughphages(recentdecades)

*virusimportancetomolecularbiology:

DNAasgeneticmaterial,geneticcodon密码子,operon操纵子theory,restrictionendonuclease限制性内切核酸酶,reversetranscription反转录enzyme,ligase连接酶,T4DNApolymerase聚合酶,vectors载体

CharacteristicsofVirus

1.Composition(chemicalcomponents)

●DNAorRNA:

<30%;protein:

70~95%;lipid脂质:

afewto50%;carbohydrate:

afew%(p.48-49)

●Amine胺(putrescine腐胺&spermine精胺,spermidine亚精胺)andmetalions(iron,calcium,magnesium,copper,aluminum,etc.):

trace

●reviewofbiologicalmacromolecules大分子(protein,lipid,carbohydrate,nucleicacid)

2.Morphology(physicaloutlook)

●size:

16to490nm,normally<200nm,phage<100nm(p.44)

●shape:

spherical球形,rod(bullet,club棒状,string),tadpole蝌蚪(sphericalhead+rodtail尾巴)(p.44)

3.Structure(spatialarrangement空间排列ofcomponents组分)

●Overallthreelayersbutmainlytwolayers:

nucleicacidsinsideproteinshell,sometimeswithlipidenvelope

specialtypes:

tectivirus复层病毒,corticovirus披盖病毒,vaccinia牛痘,plasmavirus芽生病毒,subvirus亚病毒(viroid类病毒,prion)

afewterms:

virion病毒粒子,capsid衣壳(proteincoat蛋白质外壳,proteinshell),nucleocapsid核衣壳(nucleoprotein核蛋白质),structureunit(proteinsubunit),morphologicunit-capsomer,衣壳体envelope-peplos包膜,spike,peplomer病毒包膜粒

●Lipidenvelope

lipidbilayer脂双层(drawing),mainlyfromhosts宿主(plasma等离子体,血浆ornucleimembranes)withsomebeingspecial(tectivirus复层病毒&corticovirus披盖病毒)

lipoprotein脂蛋白:

glycoprotein糖蛋白,transmembrane跨膜的protein(absorption&transportchannel运输通道)

commonforanimalvirusbutnotcommonforplantandbacterialvirus细菌病毒

●Proteinshell

Helical螺旋形的form-rod棒状(basic:

p.22,a&b;phage:

nonucleicacidsincentralspace)

Icosahedral二十面体的andicosadeltahedron三角二十面体form-spherical,12vertices顶点witheachformedfrom5triangles,5subunits亚单位亚基pervertices顶点(atanangle)orminimum3subunitspertriangle(notatanangle),minimum60subunitsandtotalnumberofsubunitsbeingmultiplication乘法of60,commonlysubunitpolymers(dimer二聚体,trimer三聚体,pentamer五聚体,andhexamer六聚体)(basic:

p.25,figure2-9,a,top;otherforms:

p.25,table2-2);theoreticalexplanation:

maximizingspace,enclosure附件,stability

Mproteinlayer:

mainlyinthecapsid衣壳,connectionbetweencapsidandenvelope(influenza流感,p.347,figure16.17,b)

doublelayers(tectivirus复层病毒&corticovirus披盖病毒)andfourlayers(vaccinia牛痘,p.29,figure2-12)

tail尾巴:

p.28,figure2-11(collar,core核心,sheath外壳,fiber纤维,pin大头针,baseplate基板)

●Nucleicacidcore(p.30-32,figure3-1&3-2)

DNAorRNA:

DNAmainlyforphage,RNAmainlyforplantvirus,DNAandRNAforanimalvirus

singlestrand(ss)ordoublestrand(ds):

mainlydsDNAandssRNA,somessDNAanddsRNA,HBV(partialssandpartialds),T5(alternating交替ssanddsDNA)

linearorcircular:

bothforss&dsDNA,linearforss&dsRNA,circularforviroid类病毒

closedoropen:

vaccinia牛痘(closedlineardsDNA),PM2(closedcirculardsDNA)

singleormultiplesegments片段(singleandmultipleparticles):

multipleformostdsRNA(indifferentcapsids)andmanyssRNA(influenza,tobaccorattlevirus-TRV,烟草脆裂病毒ofteninthesamecapsids)

VirusInfection

1.Concept

●Definition:

establishmentandmultiplication增殖ofviralDNAorRNAorprionproteinsinhostcells

●Type:

lytic细胞溶解酶的,budding出芽(extrusion挤压),lysogenic生成细胞溶素的,pseudolysogenic(carrierstate携带状态),(p.131/figure2),abortive流产的

2.Process

●Stages

Absorption(notforplantvirus)

Penetration穿透

Uncoating脱壳(notf

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