Chapter 3US politics.docx
《Chapter 3US politics.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Chapter 3US politics.docx(14页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
Chapter3USpolitics
ChapterthreeU.S.politics
Outline
I.USconstitution
II.USgovernments
NationalflagoftheUSA
NationalAnthem
NationalEmblem
GreatSeal
Federal(national),stateandlocalgovernments
III.Executivebranch
President
IV.Legislativebranch
TheCongress
V.Judicialbranch
Courts
VI.Parties
VII.Interestgroups
VIII.PresidentialelectionintheUSA
IX.NoteworthyChineseAmericanpoliticians
X.Quiz
I.USconstitution
TheBasics
Basically,theConstitutionisthehighestlawintheUnitedStates.AllotherlawscomefromtheConstitutioninsomeway.TheConstitutionalsoprovidesaframeworkforthegovernmentoftheUnitedStates.ItcreatesthingslikethePresidency,theCongress,andtheSupremeCourt.Eachstatehasitsownconstitutionthatisthehighestlawforthestate-buteventhen,theUnitedStatesConstitutionishigher.
Overtime,somethingshavebeenaddedtotheConstitution.Called"amendments,"theseadd-onslistsomeoftherightsofthepeople.Bylistingtheserights,theyaremadespecial,anditisillegalforthegovernmenttoviolatethoserights.Asof2006,thereare27amendmentstotheConstitution.Notalloftheminvolverights,butmanydo.Thefirsttenamendments,inparticular,havethespecialnameoftheBillofRights.
Historyinbrief
TheConstitutionisadocumentwrittenbyagroupofmen,knownastheFramers,in1787.ThemastercopiesarestoredattheNationalArchives(www.archives.gov)inWashingtonD.C.
Amendments
AnamendmenttotheConstitutionisachangethatcanaddtotheConstitutionorchangeanolderpartofit.Anamendmentcanevenoverturnapreviousamendment,asthe21stdidtothe18th.ThereareafewmethodstoamendtheConstitution,butthemostcommonistopassanamendmentthroughtheCongress,onatwo-thirdsvote.Afterthat,theamendmentgoestothestates,andifthree-quartersofthestatespasstheamendment,itisconsideredapartoftheConstitution—ithasbeenratified.
Slavery
(OneverypositivethingemergedfromtheCivilWar,though:
theendofslavery.)Inthe13thAmendment(1865),slaverywasforeverabolishedintheConstitution.The14thAmendment(1868)saidthateverypersonbornintheUnitedStateswasafullcitizenoftheUnitedStates,evenifthatpersonwasaformerslave.The15thAmendment(1870)madesurethatblackpeoplecouldvote.Manypeoplefeltthatevenifblackpeoplewerenotslaves,theywerestillinferiortowhitepeople,andfor100years,somelawswerepassedtokeepblackpeoplefrombeingequaltowhites.(TheelectionofPresidentBarackObama,in2008,wasonefurthersteponthewaytoourfulfillmentofthedreamofequality.)
Women
(FormostofthehistoryoftheUnitedStates,themostimportantpeoplewhohaveshapedthecountryhavebeenmen.ThisisnotbecausewomenwerenotwillingorabletobeapartoftheUnitedStates.Instead,becausemenheldallthepositionsofpower,fromPresidentstomembersofCongress,rightdowntomayorsandownersofcompanies.Womenhadverylittlechancetoadvanceinlife.Forover100yearsaftertheConstitutionwasratified,womenhadnowaytovote.Insomeplaces,itwasactuallyillegalforwomentovote.)In1920,the19thAmendment,whichsaidthatwomencouldvoteinallelections,wasratified.(Today,womenplayaverylargeroleingovernmentandpolitics.)
TheBillofRights
WealreadytalkedaboutwhytheBillofRightswaspassed:
somepeoplewereafraidthatthegovernment,orthepolice,wouldbeabletokeeppeoplefromdoingsomeveryimportantthingssimplybypassinglawsagainstthosethings.
Thefirstofthe10amendmentsguaranteesfreedomofspeech,press,andreligion;therighttoprotest,assemblepeacefully,anddemandchanges.Thefourthprotectsagainstunreasonablesearchesandarrest.Thefifthprovidesfordueprocessoflawinallcriminalcases.Thesixthguaranteestherighttoafairandspeedytrial.Andtheeighthprotectsagainstcruelandunusualpunishment.
TheConstitutionsetsupthreemainbranchesofgovernment.ThesearecalledtheLegislative,theExecutive,andtheJudiciary.
II.USgovernments
NationalflagoftheUSA,NationalAnthem,GreatSeal,NationalEmblem(thebaldeagle)
TherearefourlevelsofgovernmentintheUSA,namingfederalgovernment,stategovernment,localgovernment,andtribalgovernment.
ThethreebranchesofU.S.government—legislative,judicial,andexecutive—carryoutgovernmentalpowerandfunctions.(withafigure)
Figure:
ThegovernmentoftheUSA
III.Executivebranch
Theexecutivebranchofthegovernmentisresponsibleforenforcingthelawsoftheland.Thepresident,vicepresident,departmentheads(cabinetmembers),andheadsofindependentagenciescarryoutthismission.
WhenthedelegatestotheConstitutionalConventioncreatedtheexecutivebranchofgovernment,theygavethepresidentalimitedtermofofficetoleadthegovernment.ThiswasverydifferentfromanyformofgovernmentinEuropeandcausedmuchdebate.Thedelegateswereafraidofwhattoomuchpowerinthehandsofonepersonmightleadto.Intheend,withasystemofchecksandbalancesincludedintheConstitution,asinglepresidenttomanagetheexecutivebranchofgovernmentwasadopted.(ChecksandBalances:
Asystemoflimitsimposedonallbranchesofagovernmentbyvestingineachbranchtherighttoamendorvoidthoseactsofanotherthatfallwithinitspurview(权力的范围).)
WhenGeorgeWashingtonwaspresident,peoplerecognizedthatonepersoncouldnotcarryoutthedutiesofthePresidentwithoutadviceandassistance.TheVicePresident,departmentheads(Cabinetmembers),andheadsofindependentagenciesassistinthiscapacity.UnlikethepowersofthePresident,theirresponsibilitiesarenotdefinedintheConstitutionbuteachhasspecialpowersandfunctions.
∙President:
LeaderofthecountryandCommanderinChiefofthemilitary.
∙VicePresident:
PresidentoftheSenateandbecomesPresidentifthePresidentisunabletoserve.
∙Departments:
DepartmentheadsadvisethePresidentonpolicyissuesandhelpexecutethosepolicies.
∙IndependentAgencies:
Helpexecutepolicyorprovidespecialservices.
ThePresidentoftheUnitedStates:
RequirementsandTerm
ThePresidentandtheVice-Presidentaretheonlyofficialselectedbytheentirecountry.However,therearerequirementsforholdingeitherofthesepositions.Inordertobeelected,onemustbeatleast35yearsold.Also,eachcandidatemustbeanatural-bornU.S.citizenandhavelivedintheU.S.foratleast14years.
Whenelected,thePresidentservesatermoffouryears.Atmost,aPresidentmayservetwoterms.
(NOTE:
Before1951,thePresidentcouldserveasmanytermsashewanted.However,everyPresidenthadfollowedGeorgeWashington’sexampleofsteppingdownaftertwoterms.FranklinD.Rooseveltbrokewithtradition.Rooseveltsuccessfullyranforofficefourtimes.Earlyinhisfourthterm,in1945,hedied.Sixyearslater,Congresspassedthe22ndAmendment,whichlimitsPresidentstotwoterms.)
ThePresidentcanberemovedfromofficethroughtheprocessofimpeachment(Aformalaccusationissuedbyalegislatureagainstapublicofficialchargedwithcrimeorotherseriousmisconduct.).IftheHouseofRepresentativesfeelthatthePresidenthascommittedactsof"Treason,Bribery,orotherHighCrimesandMisdemeanors(不正当的行为)"theycanimpeachhimwithamajorityvote.Animpeachmentisverysimilartoalegalindictment(控告).Itisnotaconviction,however,andnotenoughtoremovethePresidentfromofficealone.
ThecasethengoestotheSenate.OverseenbytheChiefJusticeoftheSupremeCourt,theSenatereviewsthecaseandvoteswhetherornottoconvictthePresident.Iftheyvoteinfavorofconvictionbyatwo-thirdsmargin,thenthePresidentisremovedfromoffice.
ThePresidentoftheUnitedStates:
LegislativePowers
MostpeopleviewthePresidentasthemostpowerfulandinfluentialpersonintheUnitedStatesgovernment.Whilehedoeswieldagreatdealofpoliticalmight,hiseffectonthelaw-makingprocessislimited.OnlyCongresscanwritelegislation;thePresidentmayonlyrecommendit.Ifhedoesso,thenamemberofCongressmayintroducethebillforconsideration.
WhereasonlyCongressmaycreatelegislation,itisdifficultforthemtopassabillwithoutthePresident’sapproval.WhenCongresspassesabill,theysendittotheWhiteHouse.ThePresidentthenhasthreeoptions:
signthebillintolaw,vetothebill,ordonothing.
WhenthePresidentsignsabillintolaw,itimmediatelygoesintoeffect.Atthispoint,onlytheSupremeCourtcanremovethelawfromthebooksbydeclaringitunconstitutional.
WhenthePresidentvetoesabill,itdoesnotgointoeffect.ThePresidentvetoesabillbyreturningittoCongressunsigned.Inmostcases,hewillalsosendthemanexplanationofwhyherejectedthelegislation.Congresscanoverride(不考虑)apresidentialveto,buttodoso,two-thirdsofeachchambermustvoteinfavorofthebill.However,anoverridedoesnotoccurveryoften.
IfthePresidentchoosesthethirdoption,doingnothingwiththebill,oneoftwothingswilloccur.IfCongressisinsessiontenbusinessdaysafterthePresidentreceivesthebill,thelegislationwillbecomealawwithoutthePresident’ssignature.However,ifCongressadjourns(休会)withintenbusinessdaysofgivingthebilltothePresident,thebilldies.WhenthePresidentkillsabillinthisfashion,itisknownasapocketveto(搁置否决/口袋否决).Inthiscase,Congresscandonothingtooverridehisdecision.
ThePresidentialvetoisanextremelypowerfultool.Often,togetCongresstoreconsiderlegislation,thePresidentneedonlythreatentovetoabillif