数字印刷翻译学位论文.docx

数字印刷翻译学位论文.docx

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数字印刷翻译学位论文

Digitalprinting

PhilGreen

Digitalprintingiscurrentlythemostrapidlygrowingprintsector,andonewhichisopeningupnewpossibilitiesofshort-runcolorwork.Itisalsoenablingentirelydifferentrelationshipsbetweenthepurchaserandsupplierofprintedproductsandmakingpossibleallkindsofnewproducts.

Theconventionalprintingprocessesdescribedearlierinthischapterarematuretechnologies.Thetechnologicaldevelopmentoftheseprocesseswillcontinue,butwilltendtodeliveronlyincrementalimprovementsinperformance.Digitalprinting,bycomparison,isstillatanearlystageinitsdevelopmentandwillcontinuetodeveloprapidly,openingupnewmarketsandmakingincreasinginroadsintotheconventionalprocess.

Inthemediumtermatleast,itishighlyunlikelythatdigitalprintingwillentirelyreplacetheconventionalprocesses.Thisisfortwofundamentalreasons:

●Thecostofcolorantsusedmakesunitpricestoohightocompeteonlongerruns;

●Modernprintingequipmentisdesignedaroundproductioneconomiesofscale,withhighspeeds,largeformatsandinlineprocessessuchasfoldingandcoating,anditwillbesometimebeforemanufacturersbuilddigitalpressesthatcancompeteonhighproductionvolumes.

Thestrengthofdigitalprintingisthereforelargelyinshorterprintruns.However,theshort-runmarketisexpandingfastasprintrunsforalltypesofproductarefalling,andnewproductsaremadepossiblebyintegrateddigitalproduction.Adirectcostcomparisonbetweendigitalandconventionalprintingmaynotberelevantineverycaseasdigitalprintingcanoftenprovideabettersolutiontoacommunicationproblem,addingvalueandgeneratingsavingselsewhereintheproductioncycle,forexample,inadministrationordistributioncosts.Thislogicalsoappliestotheprintbuyerswhenthinkingofincorporatingdigitalprintingintotheirownoperations,addingthemtotheirexistingdesignandprepressoperations.Totakeaexampleinretailing,instoreprintingfacilitieslinkedtoinstallandrunthanpurchasingfromexternalsuppliers,butthemarketingbenefitsmayoutweightheadditionalcosts.

Thepointatwhichdigitalandconventionalprintingbreakseventendstobeatarunlengthofaround1000copies（moreforblackandwhiteandlessforcolor）.Runlengthsthatdonotfallautomaticallyintotheprovinceofconventionalordigitalwillbedecidedbytheaddedvalueoftheprocess:

fordigitalprintingthisincludesdistributedprintingandtheabilitytovarytheimagewitheachcopy,whileforconventionalprocessessuchaslithoitwillincludethehigherqualitylevels,thegreaterrangeofsubstratesthatcanbeprinted,andtheavailabilityofinlineprocessessuchascoating.

Digitalprintingtechnologies

Digitalprinterscurrentlyfallintofourbasictypes:

●Pageprintersthatprintflatsheetsofpaper,usuallyinA4formatbutsometimesuptoA3（theserangefromdesktopprinterstohigh-speedcopier/printerslikeDocuTech,andincludehigh-qualitycontinuoustoneprintersusedmostlyforproofsandpresentationmaterials）;

●Large-formatdevicesthatprintoncontinuousrolls,mainlyforshort-runposters;

●Overprintingheadsforaddingproductcodes（mainlyforpackaging）thataremountedontoconventionalpressesorfinishingequipment,oronpackaginglines;

●Reel-fedmachinesthatprintatspeedscomparabletoconventionalprintingpresses.

Adigitalprinterhastwofundamentalcomponents:

amarkingenginethattransferscoloranttothepaper,andafront-endthatpreparesthedatausedtodrivethemarkingengine.ThefrontendwillincludeaRIPandamemorybuffer.Thepagedataistransferreddirectlytothefrontendwithouttheneedforfilmsandplates,sotherearelargepotentialsavingsincosts.

Becausethedigitalprintingdeviceisdrivenbydataandrequiresnoplates,theimagecanbechangedforeachsuccessiveprint.This‘variableimage’printingconcepthasgreatpotentialinteresttopublishersandadvertiserswhoareinterestedintailoringtheircommunicationsmorecloselytowhatisknownabouttheiraudience,ofteninconjunctionwithsophisticatedmarketingdatabases.

Digitalprintingsystemsthatoperateathighspeedsorhighresolutionsrequirededicatedfrontendsandlargememorybuffers,butlow-enddevicessuchasdesktop[printerscanmakeuseofsoftware-basedprinterdriversthatsitontheuser’shostcomputer.

Themostwidely-usedtechnologiesinmarkingenginesareinkjet,laseranddyesublimation.

Inkjet

Inkjetprintersdeployanarrayofnozzlestoprojectinkdropletsontothepapersurface.Thenozzlesarerelativelycheaptoproduce,andwiderarraysthatcanimageamovingwebofpaperarecurrentlyindevelopment.Inkjetprintheadsarefoundinallthetypesofdigitalprinterlistedearlier,anddominatethelarge-formatandoverprintingmarkets.Theycanprintonthewidestrangeofsubstrates（includingcheapergradessuchaspartmechanicals）.

Laser

Laserprinterstransfertonertothepapersurfaceelectro-statically.Animageiscreatedonaphotoconductivesurfacebyaddingorremovinganelectricalcharge,andtonerisattractedtothechargedareasonthisimagingsurface（laserprintersareperhapsmoreaccuratelyknownaselectrostaticprinters,sinceotherenergysourcessuchaselectronbeamscanalsobeusedtoaltertheconductivepropertiesoftheimagingsurface）.Mostsystemsusedrytonerpowder,butliquidtonersystemsarealsoavailableanddelivermuchbetterprintquality:

smallerparticlesizesyieldhigherprintresolution,andglossresinscanbeincorporatedtomakethefinishmorelikethatofaconventionalprint.Laserprintersaremainlyfoundinpageprintersandreel-fedprinters.

Dyesublimation

Dyesublimationprintersvaporizeawaxycolorantandtransferittothepapersurface.Theunitcostofprintsmadebythisprocessareextremelyhigh,andasaresultitsuseisrestrictedlargelytoone-offprintsforproofingorpresentationpurposes.Qualitycanbeextremelyhigh,comparabletoaglossyphotographicprint.

Withallthedigitalprintingsystemsthereisatrade-offbetweenresolutionandspeed.Themoredevicepixelstherearetobeimagedonapage,theslowertheprintspeedwillbeinpagesperminute.

Digitalworkflow----themainstreamofdevelop

speedydevelopmentofdigitalprocessingandinternetinformationexchange

All-digitalworkflowsareontheirway.Theywillsoonreplacethetraditionalanalogueimagingandreliabledigitalperformanceingraphicalprocessing,proofing,output,andtransfer.Itwillalsoenableno-filminvolvedComputer-To-Platesystemtotakethelead.Multi-mediadocumentaloutputisnolongeradreamanymore.Pre-pressproductionlinehasbecomingmoreintegrated,professionalanddiversified.Themaindevelopmenttrendsofapplicationsoftwareareopenness,cross-platformfunctions,intelligenceandstandardizationofdocumentationformat.

Theimplementationofdigitalworkflowistheirresistibletrenddevelopmentinprintingindustry.MaturingprintingtechnologiessuchasCopyDotscanning,digitalproofing,computer-to-plate,anddigitalworkflowgraduallyremovetheobstaclestotheimplementationofdigitaltechnologies.Advancedoutputtechnology,togetherwithintelligentizationofdigitalworkflowmanagementwillalsoimprovetheefficiencyofdigitalprintingoperation.

Thedigitaltechnologyprocesshasalmostreplacedthetraditionaltechnology.Thedesignandpicturescanbetransferredbynetworkorthroughelectronicmedium.Thecorporationofpan-region,pan-country,pan-continentwillbeacommonthing.Wecanoffertheneed,exchangeinformation,remoteproofing,andproductiontrackingetc.Theproductcanbedesignedinsomewhereoftheworld,andprintedinanotherplaceoftheworld.

Direct-to-press

OneofthesuccessstoriesofdigitalprintingisHeidelberg’sQuickmasterDI,whichusesdigitalimagingonanotherwiseconventionalpressdesign.Machineshavebeeninstalledinalargenumberofbureau-typeoperations,anddelivermanyoftheadvantagesofdigitalprintingatthequalityandcostassociatedwithlitho.

Anewproductionmodel

Thetraditionalmodelofprintproductioncanbesummarizedas‘printalargeenoughquantityofaproducttomakeunitcostseconomic,andthendistributetotheend-user’.Digitaltechnologiesmakeitpossibletocompletelyrethinkthewayinwhichvisualcommunicationsareproducedanddistributed.

Print-on-demand

Becausetheamountofprepressworkandpressmake-readyareminimalwhencomparedwithconventionalprinting,productioncostsarealmostentirelyvariable,withaverysmallfixedelement.Thismeansthattheybecomecost-effectivetoprintcopiesastheyareneeded,insteadofproducingforstock.

Distribute,thenprint

Printedproductsareusuallydistributedoverawidegeographicalarea,anditcansometimesbemorecost-effectivetodistributethepagesindigitalformforlocalreproduction.

Distributeelectronically

Foritemswhosefunctionisinformationratherthanmarketing,end-userswilloftenaccepttheendproductinelectronicform（ondiscorCD）:

thepagescanbeprintedindividuallyasrequired.Thisallowstheoriginatoroftheproducttofocusonitscontentinsteadofitsreproduction.

Alternatively,itmaybepossibletouseanonlinedistributionmediumsuchastheWorldWideWeb,andcreatepagesthatareintendedforviewingonscreenratherthanreproducedonpaper.

Variableimageprinting

Aseachpageisimagedseparately,andthereisnophysicalprintingplate,itispossibletochangesomeorallofthepagewitheachsuccessiveprint.Thisenables,forexample,eachcommunicationtobepersonalizedforitsintendedrecipient,