智能停车场翻译英文1.docx

智能停车场翻译英文1.docx

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智能停车场翻译英文1

Intelligentparkingsystem

Abstract

Thebasicconceptsoftheparkingreservationsystemandparkingrevenuemanagementsystemarediscussedinthispaper.Theproposedintelligent’’parkingspaceinventorycontrolsystemthatisbasedonacombinationoffuzzylogicandintegerprogrammingtechniquesmakes‘‘online’’decisionswhethertoacceptorrejectanewdriver'srequestforparking.Inthefirststepoftheproposedmodel,thebestparkingstrategiesaredevelopedformanydifferentpatternsofvehiclearrivals.Theseparkingstrategiesaredevelopedusingintegerprogrammingapproach.Inthesecondstep,learn-ingfromthebeststrategies,specificrulesaredefined.Theuniquenessoftheproposedapproachisthattherulesarederivedfromthesetofchosenexamplesassumingthatthefuturetrafficarrivalpatternsareknown.Theresultswerefoundtobeclosetothebestsolutionassumingthatthefuturearrivalpatternisknown.b5E2RGbCAP

Keywords:

Traffic。

Uncertaintymodeling。

Control。

Parking。

Fuzzylogicp1EanqFDPw

1.Introduction

Everydayasignificantpercentageofdriversinsingle-occupancyvehiclessearchforaparkingspace.Additionally,lessexperienceddriversorout-of-townersfurthercontributetotheincreaseoftrafficcongestion.Searchforavacantparkingspaceisatypicalexampleofasearchprocess.Everyparkingsearchstrategyiscomposedofasetofvaguerules.Itisusuallydifficulttodescribetheserulesexplicitly.Thetypeoftheplannedactivity,timeofaday,dayoftheweek,currentcongestiononparticularroutes,knowledgeofcitystreets,andpotentiallyavailableparkingplaceshavesignificantinfluenceonachosenparkingsearchstrategy.Duringthelastfourdecadesnumerousparkingsearchmodelshavebeendeveloped（VanderGoot,1982。

AxhausenandPolak,1991。

PolakandAxhausen,1990。

Youngetal.,1991a,b。

saltzman,1997。

Shoup,1997。

Steiner,1998。

ThompsonandRichardson,1998。

ArnottandRowse,1999。

TamandLam,2000。

Wongetal.,2000。

Watersonetal.,2001>.Inmanydecision-makingsituationsintransportation（modalsplit,choiceofaircarrier,choiceofairport,etc.>thecompetitivealternativesandtheircharacteristicsarereasonablywellknowninadvancetothedecisionmaker（passenger,driver>.Ontheotherhand,thedriversusuallydiscoverdiffierentparkingalternativesonebyoneinatemporalsequence.Clearly,thistemporalsequencehasaverystronginfluenceonthedriver'sfinaldecisionabouttheparkingplace.DXDiTa9E3d

Duringthepasttwodecades,trafficauthoritiesinmanycities（Helsinki,Cologne,Mainz,Stuttgart,Wiesbaden,Aalborg,Hague>havestartedtoinformandguidedriverstoparkingfacilitieswithreal-timevar-iablemessagesigns[directionalarrows,namesoftheparkingfacilities,status（full,notfull,numberofavailableparkingspaces,etc.>].Informationaboutthenumberofavailableparkingspacescouldbedisplayedonthemajorroads,streetsandintersections,oritcouldbedistributedthroughtheInternet.RTCrpUDGiT

Itislogicaltoaskthequestionaboutthebenefitsoftheparkingguidancesystems.Currentpracticeshowsthatparkingguidancesystemsusuallydonotchangetheoccupancyrateoraverageparkingduration.Driverseasilybecomefamiliarwiththeparkingguidancesystems,andmajorityofthemuse,thrustandappreciatethehelpofthesystems.Guidancesystemssignificantlyincreasetheprobabilityoffindingvacantparkingspace,mitigatefrustrationofthedrivers–visitorsunfamiliarwiththecitycenter,decreasethequeuesinfrontofparkinggarages,decreasethetotalamountofvehicle-milestraveled（particularlyinthecitycenters>,decreasetheaveragetriptime,energyconsumption,andairpollution.Parkingguidancesystemisapartofcomprehensiveparkingpolicyandtrafficmanagementsystem,whoseotherelementsarestreetparkingcontrol（includingsanctionsfortheillegallyparkedvehicles>,parkingfarestructure,andparkingrevenuemanagementsystem.5PCzVD7HxA

Parkingguidancesystemshelpdriverstofindvacantparkingspaceswhentheyarealreadyonthenetwork,andapproachingtheirfinaldestination.Throughoutthisresearchtheconceptsoftheparkingreservationsystemandparkingrevenuemanagementsystemareproposed.Suchsystemswouldhelpdriverstofindavacantparkingspaceevenbeforebeginningtheirtrip.Theproposed‘‘intelligent’’parkingspaceinventorycontrolsystemthatisbasedonthecombinationofsimulation,optimizationtechniques,andfuzzylogicmakes‘‘real-time’’decisionsastowhethertorejectoracceptanewrequestforparking.Theproposedmethodologycouldbeappliedforparkinglotsandparkinggaragesincitiesandatthebiginternationalairports.jLBHrnAILg

Thepaperisorganizedasfollows:

Parking-pricingproblemsarepresentedinSection2.AnalogiesbetweenparkingproblemsandsomeotherindustriesarepresentedinSection3.TheparkingrevenuemanagementsystemisintroducedinSection4,andtheIntelligentparkingspaceinventorycontrolsystemisintroducedinSection5.ThealgorithmtocreateintelligentparkingspacesinventorycontrolsystemispresentedinSection6.Resultsobtainedwiththe‘‘intelligent’’parkingsystemaregiveninSection7,andSec-tion8presentstheconcludingremarksandfurtherresearchorientations.xHAQX74J0X

2.parkingpricing

Inmajorityofcitiesthroughouttheworlddriverspayforusingdifferentparkingfacilities.Insomeinstances,trafficcongestioncanbesignificantlyreducedasaresultofparkingprice.Theparkingrevenueisusuallyusedtocoverparkingfacilitycosts（accessgates,ticketprinters,parkingmeters,parkingsigns,attendants>,ortoimprovesomeothertrafficandtransportationactivities.Differentparkingpricingstrategiesshouldbeapartofthecomprehensivesolutionapproachtothecomplextrafficcongestionproblems.Thereisnodoubtthatparkingpricingrepresentsoneoftheimportantdemandmanagementstrategies.ForLDAYtRyKfE

example,trafficauthorities,localgovernmentsandprivatesectorcouldintroducehigherparkingtariffsforsolodriversorforlong-termparkersincongestedcityareas.Theycouldprovidespecialparkingdiscountstovanpoolers.Obviouslyparkingpricingshouldbecarefullystudiedinthecontextoftheconsideredcityarea（down-town,residential,commercial,retailuseareas>.Zzz6ZB2Ltk

Insomecities（Madison,Wisconsin>therearealreadytimedependentparkingfeesthatforcecommuterstoswitchtodiffierentalternativesofpublictransportation（http:

//danenet.wicip.org/bcp/Parking.html>.TryingtopromotepublictransitSanFranciscotrafficauthoritiesincreasedparkingtariffsatpublicandcommercialgarages.TheChicagoauthoritiesraisedparkingratesfewtimes（www.fta.dot.gov/fta/library/planning/tdmstatus/ftaprkng.htm>.Asaconsequence,thetotalnumberofcarsparkedsignificantlydecreased,aswellasparkingdurationtime.Thegreatestdecreasewasinthenumberofalldayparkers.AuthoritiesinSeattlesignificantlyreducedparkingtariffsforcarpoolattwoSeattleparkingfacilitiesindowntown（ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/mtp17b.html>.Activeroleinparkingpricingstrategiescouldalsohaveemployerspayingforemployees'parking.Employerswhoremoveparkingsubsidiesfortheemployeescouldsignificantlydecreasethetotalnumberofsolodrivers.Themainroleofanyparkingpricingstrategyshouldbereducingthetotalnumberofvehicletripsduringcertaintimeperiods,shiftingcommuterstoalternativetransportationmodes,andtodifferentparkinglocations.Atthesametime,whentryingtoimplementanyparkingstrategy,itisveryimportanttoprovideenoughparkingspaceforshoppers,toprovidepreferentialparkingforresidentsinconsideredcityarea,toprovidepreferentialparkingfordifferentparkinglocations,toconsiderlowincomefamilies,andtoprotectstreetsintheneighborhoodfromillegalparking.dvzfvkwMI1

Thebasiceconomicconceptsofsupplyanddemandshouldbemoreutilizedwhensolvingcomplextrafficcongestionandparkingproblems（Vickrey,1969,1994。

Verhoefetal.,1995>.So-calledvaluepricingisalsoknownascongestionpricing,orvariabletolling.Thebasicideabehindtheconceptofcongestionpricingistoforcedriverstotravelandusetransportationfacilitiesmoreduringoff-peakhoursandlessduringpeakhours.Theideaofcongestionpricingisprimarilyconnectedwiththeroad（driverspayforusingprivate,fasterroads,driverswithlowervehicleoccupancypayforusingHighOccupancyVehiclelanes,driverspaymoretoentercity'sdowntownonweekdays>orairportoperators（moreexpensivelandingfeesduringpeakhours>.Inthecontextofparkingproblems,thismeans:

（a>thatdifferentparkingtariffsshouldexistfordifferentusers。

（b>thattheparkingfeesshouldincreaseand/ordecreasefewtimesduringaday.rqyn14ZNXI

3.Parkingproblemsandrevenuemanagementsystems:

AnalogieswithsomeotherindustriesEmxvxOtOco

Airlineindustry,hotels,carrental,rail,cruise,healthcare,broadcastindustry,energyindustry,golf,equipmentrental,restaurant,andotherindustriesareutilizingrevenuemanagementconceptswhensellingtheirproducts（Cross,1997>.Revenuemanagementcouldbedescribedasagroupofdifferentscientifictechniquesofmanagingthecompanyrevenuewhentryingtodelivertherightproducttotherightclientattherightpriceattherighttime.Therootsoftherevenuemanagementareintheairlineindustry.Thebasiccharacteristicsoftheindustriestowhichdifferentrevenuemanagementconceptsweresuccessfullyappliedare:

（a>variabledemandovertime。

（b>variableassetutilization。

（c>perishableassets。

（d>limitedresources。

（e>marketsegmentation。

（f>addingnewcapacityisexpensive,