跨文化视角下分析《纽伦堡审判》中的法律文化根源.docx

跨文化视角下分析《纽伦堡审判》中的法律文化根源.docx

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跨文化视角下分析《纽伦堡审判》中的法律文化根源

跨文化视角下分析《纽伦堡审判》中的法律文化根源

【摘要】跨文化交际根据不同国家的文化特点来进行分类，寻找他们之间的共同点。

本文是运用跨文化交际中的个人主义-集体主义理论，面子协商理论和文化趋同理论对影片《纽伦堡审判》进行分析。

个人主义-集体主义理论关注的是个人更加注重个人意愿还是集体意愿；面子协商理论是根据人们对处理面子冲突的方式进行分类，分析。

文化趋同是一种表示多种文化趋向于一体化的理论表达。

影片中的美国，英国和法国是典型的个人主义国家，采取自我取向的面子保留策略；而苏联是集体主义国家，则采取他者取向的面子保留策略。

通过本文可以使得我们能够更好的了解四国的历史文化,生活习惯等。

【关键词】跨文化交际；文化根源；纽伦堡审判。

LegalCultureRootsReflectedinNurembergTrialsfromCross-culturalCommunicationPerspective

Abstract

【ABSTRACT】Withthedevelopmentofoursociety,thecommunicationsamiddifferentcountriesarebecomingincreasinglyfrequent.Oneglobalsubject,namelycross-culturalcommunication,emergesbecauseofinherentdemand,whichseekstoclassifycountriesintodifferentcategoriesaccordingtotheiruniqueculturecharacteristicsandtriestoascertainsomecommonly-sharedcharacteristics.ThispaperwillmainlyanalyzethemovieNurembergtrialsonthebasisofIndividualism-CollectivismTheory,Face-NegotiationTheoryaswellasCulturalConvergenceTheory.Individualism-CollectivismTheoryismainlyconcerningoneissue"anindividualandtheirgroups,whichonecarriesmoreimportance?

"Face-NegotiationTheoryalsofocusesononeissue:

thewaytheyemploytodealwithmutualfaceconflicts:

other-orientedface-savingstrategiesorself-orientedface-savingstrategies?

TheculturalConvergenceTheorybasesitsemphasisonthatinatotallyclosedcircumstance,disparateculturestendtoblendandcreateanewculturetoadaptallpeoplethereinacertainperiodoflongtime.Iftimeispressing,theexpectedculturemaynotcomeintobeing.Afterthispaper’sanalysis,wecansafelyreachaconclusionthattheAmerican,theBritishandtheFrencharethepeoplewhobelievefirmlyinindividualismandholdunconsciouslytheself-orientedface-savingstrategies;whiletheU.S.S.R.aretypicallyfeaturedbycollectivism,other-orientedface-savingstrategiespeople.ThispaperisboundtobehelpfulinourfurtherunderstandingregardingtheFrench,British,USAandU.S.S.R..Intheanalyticalprocess,contemplation,meditationandponderingconcerningtheirrespectivecultureandtheirhistorieswillinvolve,whichdefinitelywillbetterourcontactwiththemincross-culturalcommunication.

【KEYWORDS】Cross-CulturalCommunication；CultureRoots；NurembergTrials。

1.Introduction

Theunderlyinginkbetweencultureandcommunicationiscrucialtohelpingustounderstandinter-culturalcommunicationbecauseitisthroughtheinfluenceofculturethatpeoplelearntocommunicate.ItisquiteeasytodistinguishthepeoplefromChineseandAmerican,becausetheirbehaviorsconveymeanings,andmanybehaviorsarelearnedandshared.Thisisculture.Peopleviewtheirworldthroughcategories,concepts,andlabelsthatareproductsoftheirculture,andusethroughoutthehistory.Differentcountrieshavedifferentcultures.Cross-culturalcommunicationisanotionaboutthecommunicationbetweendifferentcountries.

Culturesneedalongtimetodevelop,andeveryhistoryeventcanberepresentedonourbehaviors.Weallknowthateventsorhistoryeventswillinfluencepeople’slife.Maybesomeoneormaybesomething,allofthemwhichhappenedinthehardshipsofhistorywerecombinedtogether,andthencreatedthecultureofacertaincommunityoranation.Researchesoncultureshouldprobeintotheirhistories.Nowadays,withtheadventofculturalglobalization,thecollision,exchangeandintegrationamongdifferentculturesbecomemoreandmoreinevitableandunavoidable.Weshouldanalyzeourculturesandeventsfromtheviewofhistory,andacross-culturalperspective.Weshouldexplorethereasonswhytheydothingslikethis,notthat.Onthebasisofwhattheresearchershavedone,thispaperwilldiscusstheculturerootsofdifferentcultures.

Theresocio-culturalelementsaretheconstitutingpartsofinter-culturalcommunication.Whenwecombinethem,aswedowhenwecommunicate,theyarelikethecomponentsofastereosystem-eachonerelatestoandneedstheother.Inourdiscussion,theelementswillbeseparatedinordertoidentifyanddiscussthem.Inactuality,however,theydonotexistinisolationnordotheyfunctionalone.Theyallformacomplexmatrixofinteractingelementsthatoperatetogethertoconstitutethecomplexphenomenoncalledinter-culturalcommunication.

1.1Background

Worldpeacehasbecomethehottopicintheworld.Globalizationbecomesmoreandmoreobvious,thusthecommunicationbetweendifferentcountriesbecomesmorefrequent,despitefollowedbytheincreasingnumberofeconomicandpoliticalfrictions.Inthelong-term,thewarisameansofsolvingdisputesbetweencountriesinordertomeetitsambitions.Meanwhile,thepainandcrueltyofthewarcompelpeopletothinkabouthowtocontrolthehumansavagecruelatrocities.

Fromthelate1800s,internationalcommunitypressuresappealtotakeactiontolimitthecrueltyofwars.TheHagueconventionsandGenevaagreementmadewarrulesandunifiedregulationsofmethodsonwars,ontheuseofweaponsofwarandpeoplewhohavenotjoinedthebattleinthewar,andrightsofneutralcountries.Sincethen,theinternationalunionconvention（1919）andtheKellogg-BriandPactconvention（1928）arebothspecificationsthatabandonthewarasthetoolofnationalpolicy.However,theseprotocolsdonothavethelegaleffect.Therehavenorecognizedsanctionstopunishviolators,andhavenotanestablishedinternationaltribunaltoaccusecrimes.Such"counter-violence"methodcannotpreventwar,butcausemoreandmorebleedingwar,andhardlytorealizetherealworldpeace.

ThewardepartmentsecretaryHenryStimsononcesuggestedPresidentRooseveltabouthowtodealwithwarcriminalsaftertheWorldWar

.Hesaid:

"withsolemnattitudetopunishthesepeople,thisiscoordinatedwiththeprogressofcivilization,anditcanalsohavealargerimpacttolatergenerations...weshouldatleastestablishaninternationaltribunal,usedtojudgethemainNaziofficial."Afterafiercestruggle,fourlawyersfinallygavebirthtoNuremberginternationalmilitarytribunal.August8,1945,USA,British,U.R.R.S.andFrenchsignedanagreement,LondonAgreementanditsenclosure,thecharterofInternationalMilitaryTribunalatNuremberg,whichwereusedtopunishthemajorwarcriminalsoftheEuropeanAxis（ZhangJing,2004,p.8）.Thisisthefirsttimetousepublictrialwaystodealwithwarcriminalsintheinternationalmilitarytribunalintheworld.Theybelievethatlegallawwillletsinnerspleadguiltytojustice,anditisawisechoicetocultivatejustice,andtosecurethepeacewitharationalway.

Nurembergtrialwasacross-centuryinternationaltrial,whichwasthefirsttimegivingtheexecutivesofaggressivewarsanopenandfairlegalpunishment,anditscrucialmeaningwasself-evident.ItbeganonNovember20,1945andendedonAugust31,1946.Amonthlater,onSeptember30thandOctober1,thecourtreadoutthejudgmentandpunishment.AsthechiefofU.S.attorney,JacksonsaidthattheimportanceofNurembergtrailsrestednotonhowitexplainedthepastloyally,butthevalueofwarningthefuture.（WangShizhou,2009）

1.2Thepurposeofresearch

ThispaperdoesnotstudythecontributionoftheNurembergTrialswhichbringtotheworldortheinternationallaw.Asweknow,cross-culturalcommunicationhasbecomeaveryimportantnotion,andcross-culturalcommunicationhasmadetheworldbecomesmaller,anduptous,weshouldknowmoreaboutthisknowledgeinordertohaveabettercommunicationwithpeoplefromdifferentcountries.Thispaperisintendedtostudythethreetheoriesofcross-culturalcommunicationcombiningwiththemovieofNurembergTrials.Igiveasimpleanalysisaboutfourcountries,andunderstandthebasiccultureandcharacteristicsofthem.

1.3Methodology

Thispartisabouttheresearchmethodofthispaper,collectingthecontentofthemovieNurembergTrials,searchingdatafromthebooksandtheses,accordingtotheoriesofcross-culturalcommunication.

Thecross-culturalcommunicationisthetheoryfoundation.Ifirstcomprehendedthewholeinformationofcross-culturalcommunicationfromthebookofinterculturalcommunicationwrittenbyHuChaoin2005.ThenIfoundsomethesesaboutthreetheories:

Individualism-CollectivismTheory,Face-NegotiationTheoryandCulturalConvergenceTheorywhichreflectedinNurembergTrials.Forexample:

Communicationbetweencultures,writtenbyLarryA.Samovar,RichardE.PorterandLisaA.Strfaniin2000,Cross-culturalface-negotiation:

Ananalyticaloverview,writtenbyTing-ToomeyandS.&MatsuB.in1992.

BecausethispaperisaimingatunderstandingthecultureoffourcountriesbasedonthemovieNurembergTrialsaccordingtocross-culturalcommunicationtheories,soIcollecteddialoguesofthemovieinordertomakesureIcanholdthewholeinformationoftheNurembergTrials,andgatheredthehistoryinformation,newsandthesesaboutit.ThesebooksmainlyrecordedtheprocessoftheTrailsanditscontributiontothehumanrightandthedevelopmentoftheinternationalcriminallaw,suchasInternationalcriminallawreviewwrittenbyZhangJingin2004,InternationalcriminallawcourtandChinawrittenbyZhangWenqiin2004.

1.4Paperstructure

Thispaperconsistsoffourchapters.

Chapter1clarifiesthebackgroundofNurembergTrials,theresearchpurposeandmethodology.Chapter2isthetheoreticalfoundationoncross-culturalcommunication:

Individualism-CollectivismTheory,Face-NegotiationTheoryandthetheoryofCulturalConvergence.Chapter3analysestheNurembergTrialsfromthreepartsaccordingtothethreetheories,eachnationhasitsownculture,andeachculturereflectsitsownhistory.Analysisof