英国文学简史.docx

英国文学简史.docx

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英国文学简史

Index

16

WilliamShakespeare

Victorian

CharlesDickens

WilliamMakepeaceThackeray

GeorgeEliot

17

JohnDonne

ThomasHood

JohnMilton

CharlotteBronteand

EmilyBronte

JohnBunyan

Alfred,LordTennyson

RobertBrowning

ElizabethBarrettBrowning

18

DanielDefoe

HenryFielding

JonathanSwift

OliverGoldsmith

WilliamBlake

Romantic

WilliamWordsworth

20

ThomasHardy

GorgeGordon,LordByron

JohnGalsworthy

OscarWilde

PercyByssheShelly

GeorgeBernardShaw

JohnKeats

D.H.Lawrence

VirginiaWoolf

WalterScott

JamesJoyce

TheSixteenthCentury

Beginningof16thcentury

ThomasMore

Utopia.Moregaveaprofoundandtruthfulpictureofthepeople’ssufferingandputforwardhisidealofafuturehappysociety.

Endthecentury

FrancisBacon

Scientistandphilosopher

Firsthalfof16thcentury

ThomasWyatt,HenryHoward

Theyinitiatednewpoeticalforms,borrowingfreelyfromEnglishpopularsongsandItalianandFrenchpoetry.WyattwasthefirsttointroducethesonnetintoEnglishliterature.

Secondhalfofthe16thcentury

PhilipSidney,ThomasCampionandEdmundSpenser

LyricalpoembecomewidespreadinEngland.EdmundwastheauthorofthegreatestepicpoemofthetimeTheFairyQueen.

Courtlifeandgallantrynovel

JohnLyly,ThomasLoge

GreatpopularitywaswonbyJohnLyly’snovelEphesuswhichgaverisetotheterm“euphuism”,designatinganaffectedstyleofcourtspeech.

Realisticnovel

ThomasDelaney,ThomasNashe

Devotedtoeverydaylifeofcraftsman,merchantsandotherrepresentativesoflowerclass

Drama

ChristopherMarlowe

ReformeddramathatgenreinEnglishandperfectedthelanguageandverseofdramaticworks.ItwasMarlowewhomadeblankversetheprincipalvehicleofexpressionindrama.

WilliamShakespeare

TheworksofWilliamShakespeareareagreatlandmarkinthehistoryofworldliteratureforhewasoneofthefirstfoundersofrealism,amasterhandatrealisticportrayalofhumancharactersandrelations.

Works

Firstperiod:

RomeoandJuliet

SecondPeriod:

1.Hamlet,PrinceofDemark

2.Othello,theMoorofVenice

3.KingLear

4.TheTragedyofMacbeth

TheSeventeenthCentury

PuritanAge

Puritanattitude

Theybelievedinsimplicityoflife,breakingupofoldideas,anageofconfusion.

Puritanaction

Theydisapprovedofthesonnetsandlovepoetrywritteninthepreviousperiod.

In1642thetheatreswereclose

Thebiblebecomeonebookofthepeople

LiteraryCharacteristics

Absenceoffixedstandardofliterarycriticism,exaggerationof“metaphysical”poets.

PoetrytooknewandstartlingformsinDonneandHerbert,andprosebecameassomberasBurrton’sAnatomyofMelancholy.

Thespiritualgloomsoonerorlaterfastensuponallthewritersofthisage.Thissocalledgloomyageproducedsomeminorpoemsofexquisitesworkmanship,andoneofgreatmasterofversewhoseworkwouldglorifyanyageorpeople---JohnMilton,inwhomtheindomitablePuritanspiritfindsitsnoblestexpression.

RestorationAge

LiteraryCharacteristics

RenouncedoldideasanddemandedthatEnglishpoetryanddreamshouldfollowthestylewhichtheyhadbecomeaccustomedinthegaietyofParis.

Onthewholetheywereimmoralandcynical.

Frenchinfluence

Rimedcoupletsinsteadofblankverse,theunities,amoreregularconstruction,andthepresentationoftryesratherthanindividual

Thecomediesarecoarseinlanguageandtheirviewoftherelationbetweenmanandwonisimmoralanddishonest.

JohnDryden

Asacritic,poetandplaywrightwasthemostdistinguishedliteraryfigureoftherestorationage.Themostpopulargenrewasthatofcomedywhosechiefaimastoentertainthelicentiousaristocrats.

JohnDonne

1.Poetry

Form

Partofhispoetryisinsuchclassicalformsassatires,elegies,andepistles---thoughitstylehasanythingbutclassicalsmoothness---andpartiswritteninlyricalformsofextraordinaryvariety.

Characteristics

1.Mostofitpurportstodealwithlife,descriptiveorexperimentally,andthefirstthingtostrikethereaderisDonne’sextraordinaryandpenetratingrealism.

2.ThenextisthecynicismwhichmarkscertainofthelighterpoemsandwhichrepresentsaconsciousreactionfromtheextremeidealizationofwomanencouragedbythePatrarchantradition.

Love-poem

Inhisseriouslove-poems,however,Donne,whilenotrelaxinghisgraspontherealitiestheloveexperience,suffusesitwithanemotionalintensityandaspiritualizedardoruniqueinEnglishpoetry.

2.Sonnet

ContrastbetweenconventionalandDonne’ssonnet

Conventionalsonnet

Donne’ssonnet

Theunvaryingsuccessioninform

Givesnearlyeverythemeaverseandstanzaformpeculiartoitself

Decoratinghisthemebyconventionalcomparison

Illuminatesoremphasizeshisthoughtbyfantasticmetaphorsandextravaganthyperbole.

Style

Inmomentsofinspirationhisstylebecomeswonderfullypoignantanddirect,heart-searchinginitssimplehumanaccents,withanoriginalityandforceforwhichwelookinvainamongtheclearandfluentmelodiesofElizabethanlyrists.

Conceit

1.Sometimesthe“conceits”,astheseextravagantfiguresarecalled,aresooddthatwelosesightofthethingtobeillustrated,inthestartlingnatureoftheillustration.

2.Thefashionofconceitingwriting,somewhatlikeeuphuisminprose,appearedinItalyandSpainalso.Itsimaginativeexuberancehasitsparallelsinbaroquearchitectureandpainting.

Song

Goandcatchafallingstar,

Getwithchildamandrakeroot,

Tellmewhereallthepastyearsare,

OrwhoclefttheDevil’sfoot,

Teachmetohearmermaidssinging,

Ortokeepoffenvy’sstinging,

Andfind

Whatwind

Serverstoadvanceanhonestmind.

Ifthoubeestborntostrangesights,

Thingsinvisibletosee,

Ridetenthousanddaysandnights,

Tillagesnowwhitehairsonthee,

Thou,whenthoureturn’st,wilttellme

Allstrangewondersthatbefellthee,

Andanswer

Nowhere

Livesawomantrue,andfair,

Ifthoufind’stone,letmeknow,

Suchapilgrimageweresweet,

Yetdonot,Iwouldnogo

Thoughnextdoorwemightmeet,

Thoughsheweretruewhenyoumether,

Andlasttillyouwriteyourletter,

Yetshe

Willbe

False,ereIcome,totwo,orthree.

JohnMilton

DaysinHorton

L’Allegro

Describinghappiness

IlPenseroso

Describingmeditation

Lycidas

Praisingadearfriendwhohadbeendrowned

Comus

Presentingamasqueorplay

Pamphlets

Areopagitica,SpeechfortheLibertyofUnlicensedPrinting

Aboldattackonthecensorshipofthepress

Eikinoklastes

ApamphletsinwhichtheauthorjustifiedtheexecutionofCharles

DefensefortheEnglishPeople

AdefenseoftheCommonwealthandRevolution

ParadiseLost

1.Itrepresentstheauthor’sviewsinanallegoricalreligiousform,

2.Andthereaderwilleasilydiscernitsbasicidea---theexposureofreactionaryforcesofthistimeandpassionateappealforfreedom.

3.Itisbasedonthebiblicallegendoftheimaginaryprogenitorsofthehumanrace---AdamandEve,andinvolvesGodandhiseternaladversary,Sataninplot.

JohnBunyan

MiltonandBunyan

Milton

Bunyan

Education

Welleducated

Poorlyeducated

Inheriting

SonofRenaissance

anexcessofthatspiritualindependencewhichhadcausethePuritanstruggleforliberty

Puritan

TheonlyepicsinceBeowulf

Theonlygreatallegory

BookshelpfulforBunyansignificantly

1.ThebooksfromhiswifeThePlainMan’sPathwaytoHeavenandThePracticeofPietygavefiretohisimagination,whichhesawnewvisionsanddreamterriblenewdreamsoflostsouls.

2.WithoutfullydigestionofBibleandScripture,hewastossedaboutalikeafeatherbyallthewindsofdoctrine.

ThePilgrim’sProgress

Bunyan’smostimportantworkisThePilgrim’sProgress,writteninoldfashioned,medievalformofallegoryanddream.

TheEighteenthcentury

1.Enlightenment

Nature

Anexpressionofstruggleofthethenprogressiveclassofbourgeoisieagainstfeudalism

Against

Classinequality,stagnation,prejudiceandothersurvivaloffeudalism

Repudiatethefalsereligiousdoctrinesabouttheviciousnessofhumannature

Accept

Placeallbranchesofscienceattheserviceofmankindbyconnectingthemwiththeactualdeedsandrequirementsofthepeople

Acceptbourgeoisrelationshipasrightfulandreasonablerelationsamongpeople.

ComparedtoFrance

revealedtothemostprogressivemindsofthecenturythecontradictionsofnewsocietyinsteadof“clearedthemindsofmenforthecomingrevolution”ofFrance

1.1FirstrepresentativesofEnlightenment

Commoncomment

ThoughintheirworkstheycriticizeddifferentaspectsofcontemporaryEnglish,theyneversetthemselvesthetaskofstrugglingagainsttheexistingorderoflife,butonthecontrary,attemptedtosmoothoversocialcontradictionsbymoralizingandproclaiming,asPopedid,that“whateveris,isright”.

JosephAddison&RichardSteel

Devotednotonlytosocialproblem,butalsotoprivatelifeandadventures,gaveanimpetustothedevelopmentofthe18소centurynovel

AlexanderPope

Thehighestauthorityinmattersofliteraryart

Elaboratedcertainregulationsforthestyleofpoeticalworksandmadepopulartheso-calledheroicscouplets---fivefootiambicrhymedincouplet

1.2Foundersofnovel

Thedevelopmentofindustryandtradebroughttotheforemenofanewstamp,whohadtobetypifiedinthenewliterature.

Author

Work

Description

Comment

DanielDefoe

RobinsonCrusoe

TheimageofanenterprisingEnglishmanofthe18소centurywascreated.

OneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglish18소centuryrealisticnovel.

HenryFielding

UnfoldsaspreadofpanoramaoflifeinallsectionsofEnglishsociety

Realfounderofthegenreofthebourgeoisrealist