主旨大意.docx

主旨大意.docx

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主旨大意

主旨大意题解题技巧

　　主旨大意题在高考阅读理解中出现的频率很高，因为这类题主要考查考生能否通过理解、分析全文，区分主要信息和次要信息，进而总结归纳文章或段落的大意。

测试点主要体现在对文章的主题、目的、中心思想的把握以及标题的选择。

　　这类题型常见的提问方式有：

　　What’sthemainideaofthepassage?

　　Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

　　ThetopicofParagraph…is….

　　Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage?

　　Agood/suitabletitleforthispassagewouldbe….

　　我们知道：

文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的，而段落的大意主要由主题句来体现，所以段落的主题句是构成文章中心思想的有机组成部分。

因此，识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想是解答该类题的关键。

由于文章内容和体裁的不同，作者的写作手法也不尽相同，主题句在段落中出现的位置也不固定。

一般说来，采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，主题句在段尾；采用演绎法的段落，先提出观点，后演绎例证，由一般到特殊，主题句出现在段首；若作者采用由“特殊—一般—特殊”的方式，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。

有时，作者没有写出明显的主题句，我们要学会根据段落的内容去概括出主题句，进而归纳出文章的主题。

　　做这类题时常用略读法。

快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。

把各个段落的主题句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。

文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。

命题者在出这类题时，常常利用生活常识编造干扰项，把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。

对选择标题类题，若遇到拿不太准的情况时，可以自己思考一下：

“如果是我写这个题目，我会怎样写？

”。

　　看看下面两个例题：

　　（05广东卷B篇）

　　Beingconsideredaleaderinoursocietyisindeedofhighpraise．Leadershipmeanspower,

　　commandsrespectand,mostimportant,encouragesachievement．UnlikevitaminC,leadership

　　skillscan'tbeeasilyswalloweddown．Theymustbecarefullycultivated.

　　Differentfrompopularbelief,mostgoodleadersaremade,notborn．Theylearntheirskillsintheireverydaylives．Butwhichdotheydevelop?

Howdothey（andhowcanyou）getotherstofollow?

　　Alwaysgivecredit．Manyleadersnotethatthemostefficientwaytogetagoodperformance

　　fromothersistotreatthemlikeheroes．Givingpubliccredittosomeonewhohasearneditisthebestleadershiptechniqueintheworld．Itisalsoanactofgenerosity（慷慨）that'sneverforgotten.

　　Givingcreditismoreeffectivethaneventhemostconstructivecriticism（批评）,whichoften

　　hurtsratherthanhelps．KennethBlanchard,theauthorofTheOne-MinuteManager,agrees.

　　"Catchpeopledoingsomethingright!

"hesays．Thentelleveryoneaboutit.

　　Takeinformedrisks．"Thebestleadersknowthattakingariskisnotathoughtlessexercise,"

　　saysmanagementadviserMarilynMachlowitz,"Skydiversdon'tgoupinanairplanewithoutcheckingtheparachutes（降落伞）beforehand．"

　　Becausetheideaofriskalsocarrieswithitthepossibilityoffailure,manyofususuallywait

　　forotherstotakecharge．Butifyouwanttobealeader,youmustlearntofail-andnotdiea

　　thousanddeaths．Pickyourselfupandstartalloveragain.

　　Encourageenthusiasm（热情）．"Whenpeopleunderstandtheimportanceofwork,theylend

　　theirmentalstrengths,"saysLeeDucat．Butwhentheygetexcitedaboutthework,alltheirenergygetspouredintothejob．That'sagreatforce!

Isthisthebestwaytocreateexcitement?

Beenthusiasticyourself.Youwillbefollowedbyeveryone.

　　63．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?

　　A．LeadershipIsofSkillsandTechniques

　　B．LeadershipIsVeryImportant

　　C．NotManyCanBeLeaders

　　D．HowtoBeaLeader

　　解析：

这一题考查主旨大意，要考生为文章选择标题。

文章第一第二两段提出：

‘Leadershipskillsmustbecarefullycultivated.’‘Mostgoodleadersaremade,notborn.’（领导能力要精心培养。

）接下来文章从三个方面阐述了培养领导能力的方法：

Alwaysgivecredit/Takeinformedrisks/Encourageenthusiasm（热情）。

根据各个段落的主题句，结合文章的结构，我们不难归纳出文章的中心：

这篇文章讲的是怎样培养领导才能。

由此，我们判断选项D在意义上涵盖了文章的中心，是最好的标题。

　　（05天津卷A篇）

　　Everyone’satit,evenmyneighbors.IthoughtImightbetheonlypersonleftintheworldwhohadn’tdoneaneBaydeal.So,Idecidedtotrymyhandatonlineauction（网上拍卖）.Buyingforbeginners:

Signuponwww.ebay.co.uk.Mostitems（e.g.tables,computers,andbooks）readyforauctionwillcomewithapictureandashartdescription;othersmaybemarkedwith“BuyItNow”andhaveafixedprice.Youcanbuytheserightaway.

　　Iftheitemisbeingauctioned,youofferthehighestpriceyouarepreparedtopayandeBaybids（出价）foryou.Thebidwillbeincreasedlittlebylittleuntilitgoesbeyondyourhighestbid,thenyouareemailedandaskedifyouwouldliketobidagain.Auctionslastupto10daysandwhentheyfinishyougetanemailtellingyouwhetheryouhavewontheitem.

　　Howtopay:

Sellersdecidehowtheywouldliketobepaidandyouneedtocheckthisbeforeplacingabidasyoumightnotwanttopostachequeorpostalorders.TheeasiestwayisthroughPayPal,anonlinepaymentsystemthattakesthemoneyawayfromyourcreditcard（信用卡）.

　　Sellingmadesimple:

IfyouplantoselloneBay,ithelpstoincludeapictureoftheitem.Ifollowedmyfriends’adviceandputuptheitemsIwantedtosellfora10-dayauction,startingonaThursday.Thiswaybuyershadtwoweekendstobid.

　　Thebigthingsinlife:

It’seasytopostasmallitem,butfurnitureisabigpartofeBayandthishastobecollectedorsentbydeliverymen.Checkthewaysofdeliverybeforeyoubid.

　　36．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

　　A．Howtomakepaymentonline.

　　B．Waysofmakingdeliveryonline.

　　C．Advantagesofanonline-auctionsystem.

　　D．Howtouseanonline-auctionsystem.

　　解析：

这是一篇说明文，文章结构清晰明了，第一段介绍注册网址、网上的拍卖品；第二段介绍怎样竞价；第三段介绍怎样付款。

把三段的大意联系起来我们就可以概括出文章的中心：

网络拍卖系统的使用方法。

由此，我们很容易得出答案：

D。

　　【实战演练练习六】（05福建卷C篇）

　　WalkthroughtheAmazonrainforesttodayandyouwillfinditissteamy,warm,dampandthick.Butifyouhadbeenaround15,000yearsago,duringthelasticeage,wouldithavebeenthesame?

Formorethan30years,scientistshavebeenarguingabouthowrainforestsliketheAmazonmighthavereacted（反应）tothecold,dryclimatesoftheiceages,butuntilnow,noonehasreachedasatisfyinganswer.

　　RainforestsliketheAmazonareimportantformoppingupCO2fromtheatmosphereandhelpingtoslowglobalwarming.CurrentlythetreesintheAmazontakeinaround500milliontonesofCO2eachyear;equaltothetotalamountofCO2givingoffintheUKeachyear.ButhowwilltheAmazonreacttofutureclimatechange?

Ifitgetsdrier,willitstillsurviveandcontinuetodrawdownCO2?

Scientistshopethattheywillbeabletolearninadvancehowtherainforestwillmanageinthefuturebyunderstandinghowrainforestsreactedtoclimatechangeinthepast.

　　Unfortunately,gettingintotheAmazonrainforestandcollectinginformationareverydifficult.Tostudypastclimate,scientistsneedtolookatfossilizedpollen,keptinlakemuds.Goingbacktothelasticeagemeansdrillingdeepdownintolakesediments（沉淀物）,whichrequiresspecializedequipmentandheavymachinery.Thereareveryfewroadsandpaths,orplacestolandhelicoptersandaeroplanes.Riverstendtobetheeasiestwaytoentertheforest,butthisstillleavesvastareasbetweentheriverscompletelyunsampled（未取样）.Sofar,onlyahandfulofcoreshavebeendrilledthatgobacktothelasticeageandnoneofthemprovideenoughinformationtoprovehowtheAmazonrainforestreactstoclimatechange.

　　67．Thebesttitleforthispassagemayprobablybe.

　　A．StudiesoftheAmazonB．ClimatesoftheAmazon

　　C．SecretsoftheRainforestsD．ChangesoftheRainforests

　　【实战演练练习七】（05上海卷D篇）

　　Equippedonlywithapairofbinoculars（双筒望远镜）andreadytospendlonghourswaitinginallweathersforapreciousglanceofararebullfinch（红腹灰雀）.Britain’sbirdwatchershadlongbeensupposedtobeloversofaminoritysport.Butnewfiguresshowbirdwatchingisfastbecomingapopularpastime,withalmostthreemillionofusabsorbedinourflutteringfeatheredfriends.

　　Devotedbirdwatchers,thosepreparedtotravelthousandsofmilesforasightingofarareSiberianbirdarefastbeingjoinedbyanewbreedoffollowerwhoseinterestissatiatedbywatchingafewfinches（雀科鸣鸟）onaSundaywalkorputtingupabird-boxinthebackgarden.

　　“AlmostthreemillionUKbirdwatchersiscertainlypossibleifyouincludeeveryonewithonlyacasualinterest.”StephenMosssaidinhisnewlypublishedbook－ABirdintheBushaSocialHistoryofBirdwatching－whichrecordsthepursuitfromtherichVictorianEnglishman’sloveofshootingrarebirdstothelessoffensiveobservationaltendenciesofbirdwatcherstoday.

　　Televisionwildlifeprogrammeshavehelpedtofuelthenewtrend.Lastsummer,BBC2’sBritainGoesWildwasasurprisesuccess.Itpulledinthreemillionviewersandledtobird-housessellingoutacrosstheUKas45,000peoplepromisedtoputupabox.

　　Birdwatchers’networkingsystemfirstcametotheattentionofthenationin1989,whenabirdwatchercaughtsightofthefirstVermivorachrysoptera---agolden–wingedsongbirdfromNorthAmerica－tobeseeninBritain.HeputamessageouronthenetworkserviceBirdline,andthenextday3,000birdwatchersprovedthefellpullofatrulyrarebirdastheyvisitedtheTescocarparkinKent,whereithadsettled.Today,birdwatcherscanlogontowww.birdline.co.ukorhavenewsofthelatestsightingstextedtotheirphones.

　　“Multimillion-poundspendingon,binoculars,birdfoodandboxespointtotheincreasingnumbersofbirdwatchers,”saidDavidCromack,theeditorofBirdWatchingmagazine“Thenumberofpeopleinvolvedissobigthattheyhavegreatpotentialtoinfluencegovernmentdecisionsaffectingtheenvironment.”

　　79．Thepassagemainlytellsusabout___________inUK.

　　A．thehistoryofbirdwatchigB．agrowingpassionforbirdwatching

　　C．theimpactofmediaonbirdwatchingD．birdwatcingasapopularexpensivesport

一、主旨大意题的命题形式

主旨大意题旨在考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，亦即考查考生的归纳概括能力。

这类试题包括要求考生选出短文的标题（title,headline）、短文或段落的主题（subject）、中心思想（mainidea）、作者的写作目的（purpose或为传递信息、或为愉悦读者、或为阐述某一道理）等。

这类题的设问方式主要有：

（1）Thesubjectofthepassage/paragraphis______.

（2）Themainideaofthepassage/paragraphis______.

（3）Thetextismainlyabout______.

（4）Thepassagemainlycenterson______.

（5）Thepassagemainlytellsabout______.

（6）Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?

（7）Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

（8）Whatisthepassagema