美国文学期末复习资料第二学期.docx

美国文学期末复习资料第二学期.docx

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美国文学期末复习资料第二学期

美国文学期末复习资料（完美版）

Naturalism:

Itisanewandharsherrealismandbeganattheendofthe19thcenturybecauseofperceptionofsociety’sdisorders.Thenaturalistspresentcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thattheirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandtheenvironment;thereligious“truths”wereillusory,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandobliviousindeath.

●TheodoreDreiser西奥多.德莱塞                          

（1）代表作：

SisterCarrie《嘉莉妹妹》thefirstnovel,whichtracesthematerialriseofCarrieMeeberandthetragicdeclineofG.W.Hurstwood.

内容：

SisterCarrieisanoutstandingrepresentativeofAmericanNaturalismbyTheodoreDreiser.IttellsastoryaboutayoungcountrygirlwhomovestothebigcitywhereshestartsrealizingherownAmericanDreambyfirstbecomingamistresstomenthatsheperceivesassuperiorandlaterasafamousactress.

评价：

Withapainstakingdocumentationofdetail,DreiserportraysthreedifferentworldsinwhichSisterCarriemovesandwhichbetweenthemofferapanoramicviewofthecrudeandthesavageaspectsofsociallifeattheturnofthetwentiethcentury.DreiseremployednaturalisminSisterCarrie.Hebelievesthatman’sbehaviorisdominatedbyinstincts（desires,needsandfear）andenvironments（citiesandconsumerism）.Inthisnovel,themaincharactersaredrivenbythedesirethattheyarenotabletocontrol.

（2）Anautobiography—AnAmericanTragedy《美国悲剧》，TheidentificationofpotencywithmoneyisattheheartofDreiser’sgreatestandmostsuccessfulnovel

其他作品:

TheFinancier、TheTitan、TheStoic—TrilogyofDesire（Cowperwoodtrilogy）

DreiserlooksatRussia、TragicAmerica、TheGenius、TheBulwark

（3）Dreiser’sstyle:

HisworksarepowerfulintheirportrayalofthechangingAmericanlife,buthisstyleisconsideredcrude.Althoughhisnovelsareformlessattimesandawkwardlywritten,andhischaracterizationisfounddeficientandhisprosepedestriananddull,yethisveryenergyprovestobemorethanacompensation.Dreiser’sstoriesarealwayssolidandintenselyinterestingwiththeirsimplebuthighlymovingcharacters.Heisgoodatemployingthejournalisticmethodofreiterationtoburnacentralimpressionintothereader’smind.

Imagism（意向主义）

（1）ImagismcameintobeinginBritainandUSaround1910asareactiontothetraditionalEnglishpoetrytoexpressthesenseoffragmentationanddislocation.

（2）TheImagists,withEzraPoundleadingtheway,holdthatthemosteffectivemeanstoexpressthesemomentaryimpressionsisthroughtheuseofonedominantimage.

（3）Imagismischaracterizedbythefollowingthreepoeticprinciples:

i）directtreatmentofsubjectmatter;ii）economyofexpression;iii）asregardsrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofmetronome;iv）EzraPound’sInaStationoftheMetroisawell-knownimagistpoem.

●EzraPound（爱兹拉·庞德）

EzraPound’smaincontributiontoAmericanliterature

Ezrapoundisregarded,andrightly,asthefatherofmodernAmericanpoetry.Impatientwiththefetters（束缚）ofEnglishtraditionalpoetics,heledtheexperimentinrevolutionizingpoetry.ItwashewhofirstdiscoveredT.S.Eliotandblue-penciledthelatter’sfamouspoem,TheWasteLand.ItwashewhohelpedWilliamButlerYeats,JamesJoyce,D.H.Lawrence,andWilliamcarolsWilliamsintheirliterarycareers.Andhesurvivedthemall,writingcontinuallyrightuptohisdeath.Pound’scontributiontothedevelopmentofmodernpoetryisverygreat.

ØPoundowesheavilytoHomer.HisherohasalwaysbeenanOdysseusfigure.Andhismajorpoemsoftentaketheformofavoyage.ThegreatestculturalinfluenceoverPoundcameperhapsfromancientChina.ThebestpoemthatPoundeverwroteisprobablyhistwo-partHughSelwynMauberley《休·塞尔温·莫伯利》.HughSelwynMauberleyisapoemaboutthecommercializationanddebasementofart,aboutthefeelingoffrustrationandfailureonthepartoftheartist,andaboutthepoethimselfwho,unhappywiththestateofart,triestoreviveitasmuchashecan.

（1）Cathay（1915）《中国》avolumeofChinesetranslationwhichintimegrewintoasprawlingcolossusofamodernepic.

Ø

（2）Cantos《诗章》:

IthasbeencalledPound’sintellectualdiarysince1915.ItisamodernepicandPound’smajorworkofpoetry.Containingatotalof117poems,itissocialhistory,anamalgamofdiverseculturesandlanguages,apoet’sattempttoimpose,throughart,orderandmeaninguponachaoticandmeaninglessworld.TheworldofCantosischeerlessandsomber.AmajorthematicconcernoftheCantosisthetreatmentofusury（高利贷）which,inPound’seyes,likeabeastwithahundredlegs,blastslight,lifeandloveoutofexistence.

诗：

InaStationoftheMetro《在地铁站》

Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;这几张脸在人群中幻景般闪现；

Petalsonawet,blackbough.湿漉漉的黑树枝上花瓣数点。

Appreciationandcomment:

In“InaStationoftheMetro”PoundattemptstoproducetheemotionhefeltwhenhewalkeddownintoaParissubwaystationandsuddenlysawanumberoffacesinthedimlight.Tocapturetheemotion,Poundusestheimageofpetalsonawet,blackbough.Theimageof“petals”isjuxtaposedwithanotherimageof“wet,blackbough.”Theimageisnotdecoration:

Itiscentraltothepoem’smeaning.Infact,itisthepoem’smeaning.

●T.S.Eliot（T.S.艾略特）poet/playwright/literarycritic

ØTheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock《杰·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》—started1915—isseenasamasterpieceoftheModernistmovement,apoemwithanotablemodernemotionalcoloring.Itdepictsatimidmiddle-agedmangoingtoproposemarriagetoaladybuthesitatingallthewaythere.Thepoemdevelopsathemeoffrustrationandemotionalconflict.Eliot’spoetrywasnotedforitsfreshvisualimagery,itsflexibletoneandhighlyexpressiverhythm.

ØTheWasteLand《荒原》

In1922,EliotpublishedTheWasteLand《荒原》inTheCriterion《标准》whichwasthoughtasthemostsignificantAmericanpoemofthe20thcenturyandhelpedtoestablishamoderntraditionofliteraturerichwithlearningandallusivethought.Thepoemissubdividedintofivesections:

I.TheBurialoftheDeadII.AGameofChessIII.TheFireSermonIV.DeathbywaterV.WhattheThunderSaid

ØOneofthemajorfeaturesofthepoemisincidentallythatsexualfailureconnotes（暗示着）spiritualdebilitation（乏力）.Thispoemissubdividedintodifferentsections,notformallyconnected,butallsubsumedintoathematicwhole.Throughgaps,absenceofconnectivetissues,anddiscordantjuxtapositions,thepoetintendsthereadertoseeandfeelthefragmentarynatureoflife.TheWasteLandrevealsitsauthor’sstronghistoricalsense.Itoncewasthepoemofdespair.However,aswereadalong,wewillfindthatthepoemmoves,throughrecurrentremindersofthemodernwasteland,towardahopeofregenerationandbuildstowardthepossibilityofrestoringorderandlife.Thereisanunderlyingdesireonthepartofthepoettohelpcreateorderandsenseoutofadisorderlyandsenselessexistence.

ØTheHollowMen《空心人》（1925）AshWednesday《圣灰星期三》（1927）FourQuartets《四个四重奏》（1943）:

EliotregardedFourQuartetsashismasterpiece,anditistheworkthatledtohisbeingawardedtheNobelPrizeinLiterature（1948）.

ØEliotalsomadesignificantcontributionstothefieldofliterarycriticism,stronglyinfluencingtheschoolofNewCriticism.Thebasicthemesofhiscriticismconcernedtherelationshipbetweentraditionandindividualtalent,andbetweenthepast,present,andthefuture.Hisfamousdoctrineonpoetsandpoetryisknownasthe“impersonaltheory”,orthetheoryofimpersonalityandobjectivity.Anotherthingthatthistheorytriestofocusonistherelationofthepoemtoitsauthor.

ØIn1920T.S.EliotpublishedhisTheSacredWood《圣林》containinghisfamouscriticalessay"TraditionandtheIndividualTalent"《传统与个人才能》whichshowsthattoEliotthepastisofgreatsignificancetowriters.

③作品特点：

（1）concernsvariousaspectsofthefrustrationandenfeeblementofindividualcharacterasseeninperspectivewiththedecayofstates,peoples,andreligiousfaith.触及人性中的软弱沮丧的弱点，正确思索了国家、人民、宗教信仰等的丧失。

（2）poemconceivedasamadeobject,anorganicthinginitself,whoseconcreteelementsaretruecorrelativesoftheartist’simaginationandexperiencewithrespecttothatpoem.诗歌是客观成型的东西，诗歌的具体元素与艺术家的想象和经历密切相关，也与诗歌相一致。

（3）Thedegreetowhichfusionandconcentrationofintellect,feeling,andexperiencewereachievedwasEliot’scriterionforjudgingthepoem.知识、情感、体验的融合与集中程度是爱略特判定诗歌好坏的标准。

●WallaceStevens（华莱士史蒂文斯） （1879–1955）

ØHisworkisprimarilymotivatedbythebeliefthatideasoforder,thatis,trueideas,correspondwithaninnateorderinnatureanduniverse,andthatitisthehighprivilegeofindividualsandmankindtodiscoverthiscorrespondence.作品动机起源于秩序理念，他的秩序就是真理，就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序，是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权。

Ø代表作：

TheManwiththeBlueGuitar《带蓝吉他的人》；NecessaryAngel《必要的天使》，collectionofhisoccasionallecturesonpoetry诗歌的评论.AnecdoteoftheJar《坛子的轶事》

Ø特点：

（1）Headoptedavarietyofexperimentalstyles,createdpoeticsurfacesofFrenchifiedelegance,exoticimagery,oddsounds,curiousanalogies,andinscrutabletitles.尝试过多种实验性的写作风格。

（2）Heconfrontedthecontemporaryabandonmentoftraditionalvaluesandsoughttocometotermswiththeconfusionsofhistime.Theproblemoftheinterrelationbetweentheidealandtherealbecameaconstantthemeinhislaterpoetry.理想和现实中所交叉的矛盾。

（3）aseriesofoppositionsbetweeninnerandouterworlds–betweensubjectandobject,perceiverandperceived,fictionandfact,imaginationandreality（想象与现实）

ØHewasan American Modernist poetandwonthe PulitzerPrize