英文科技论文写作技巧.docx

英文科技论文写作技巧.docx

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英文科技论文写作技巧

2.Contents

1）.paperwriting:

title,author/affiliation（从属关系）,keywords,abstracts,introduction,mainbody,discussion,conclusion,acknowledgments,appendices（附件）, [əˈpɛndɪˌsiz]references,etc.

2）.strategiesofpaperpublication

3）.otherrelatedinformation

Generaldescriptionofacademicpaperwriting（学术论文的总则）

1.Typesofacademicpapers

1）.Academicreport学术报告

Definition（定义）:

displayingtheresultsofanexperiment,investigationorinquiry（maynotgivepersonalopinions,evaluationsontheissue）.

structure:

IMRAD（论文主体）:

导言、材料、结果及讨论

introduction,methods,resultsanddiscussion.

2）.Researchpaper研究论文

definition:

comparativelynarrowsubject（相对具体的主题，题目切记宽泛）;

reportingempiricalortheoreticalwork（实验或理论工作）inanacademicfield;

usuallypublishedinacademicjournals;

containingoriginalresearchresults;

reviewingexistingstudies.

structure:

title,author/affiliation,abstracts,keywords,introduction,theoreticalanalysisorexperimentaldescription,resultsanddiscussion,conclusion,acknowledgments,references,appendices,etc.

3）.Coursepaper课程论文

definition:

writtenbyundergraduateorpostgraduatestudents（本科生或研究生）.

writteninlinewiththecourserequirements（符合课程要求）

structure:

decidedundertheinstructionofthecoursetutor.

4）.Thesis/Dissertation学位论文

definition:

submittedinsupportofacandidateforadegree;

presentingapropositiontoargueagainstordefend;

exercisingjudgment,argument,logicetc.

structure:

acknowledgements（鸣谢）,abstract,introduction,literaturereview,methodology,datacollectionandanalysis,findingsandconclusions,suggestionsforfuturework,etc.

3.Thestyleofacademicwriting语体

formallanguage（正式用语）：

concise,concrete（具体）,objective（客观）,logical（合理）,coherent（连贯）.

1）.person:

thewriter,we,etc

2）.Voice（语态）:

passive（被动）

3）.structure:

nominalstructure（名词结构）

4）.specializedvocabulary（专业词汇）

4.Generalstructureofanacademicpaper

title

abstracts

keywords

Introduction

literaturereview

researchmethodologiesandprocedures

resultsandfindings

discussion

conclusion

references

※I.Title

Generalfunctions

1.summarizing2.attractingreaders3.facilitatingretrieval（便于检索）

Linguisticfeatures（语言特征）

1.phraseinsteadofsentence用短语代替句子

2.nounsandgerunds名词和动名词

Writingrequirements

1.briefandconcise

nomorethan20words,8-12onaveragesubtitleisadvisableifit’slong

2.specific具体

3.avoidquestions不要用疑问句

4.unifiedgrammaticallysymmetrical,nounsandgerundsnotmixed名词动名词不要混用

5.Standard:

abbreviations（缩略语）,symbols（符号）,terms（术语）,capitalization（大写）

e.g.1）.LEARNINGFOREIGNLANGUAGESANDTEACHINGCULTUREALBACKGROUND.

2）.LearningForeignLanguagesandTeachingCulturalBackground

3）.Learningforeignlanguagesandteachingculturalbackground

※II.Author/Affiliation

Generalfunctions

1.Bearingauthor’sresponsibility

2.facilitatingretrievalandcorrespondence便于检索和通信

3.heighteningacademiclevelforvaluingtheacademiclevelsofaresearcheroranacademicinstitution

Linguisticfeatures

ZhangXingChenXinwuOuyangHai

ZHANGXingCHENXinwuOUYANGHai

ZHANG,XingChen,XinwuOuyang,Hai

Writingrequirements

1.format:

therequirementsofthejournal

2.numberofauthors:

ifmorethan5,use“etal.”

3.author’stitleomitted

4.address:

fromsmallerunitstolargerones

WangShuhua

SchoolofJournalismandtransmission

NorthwestUniversity

Xi’an,Shaanxi710069

P.R.China

※III.Keywords

Generalfunctions

1.highlightingthetheme

2.retrieval便于检索

Linguisticfeatures

1.morenouns

2.limitednumbers:

4-6wordsonaverage

Writingrequirements

1.usingtherequiredsectiontitle:

e.g.Keywords/KeywordsIndex/KeywordsandPhrases/IndexingTerms,etc.

2.placingthesectioncorrectly：

belowtheabstract

3.spacingtheKeywords关键词之间的间隔：

Comma（逗号）,semicolon（分号）,largerspace（空格）,nofullstopattheend（结尾不要句号）.

4.adoptingstandardabbreviations采用标准的缩略形式

※IV.Abstract

I.Definition:

Anabstractisasuccinct（sək’sɪŋkt）简洁summaryofapieceofwork,usuallyacademicinnature.

Aself-contained（独立的）entity;

toolinsearchingforinformation.

II.Basicelements:

background

topic

approachthreecoreelements

conclusion

significance

III.Category

1.Descriptiveabstract（说明性摘要）:

tellsinanallaroundwaywhatthe

papercontains,includingbackground,topic,approach,

conclusionandsignificance.

2.Informationalabstract（信息性摘要）:

highlightstheapproachand

conclusionbrieflybutquantitatively.

3.Informational-descriptiveabstract（信息-说明性摘要）：

Acombinedformthatbearsspecificinformationabouttheapproachandconclusion.

IV.Structure

topicsentence主题句---“what”isinanabstract

supportingsentence扩展句---furtherspecifyingthesubject

concludingsentence总结句---summarizingtheresults

Usefulsentencepatterns:

Topicsentence

Theprimarygoaloftheresearchis…Thechiefaimofthepresentworkistoinvestigate…

Supportingsentence

Themethodusedinourstudyisknownas…Thetechniqueweappliedisreferredtoas…

Concludingsentence

Inconclusion,westatethat…Asaresultofourexperiment,weconcludedthat…

V.Writingrequirements

Length:

nomorethan200wordsforalongpaper

50-100wordsforashortone

approximately3-5percentofthelengthofthepaper.

Comprehensiveness详尽:

containingessentialelements

Conciseness简明:

avoidinglongmathematicalexpressions数学公式andomittingtables表格,graphs,pictures,in-textcitations加注,etc.

Consistency一致性:

consistentwiththeotherpartsofthepaper与文章的其他部分一致.

Tense时态:

present,past（approach）,future（significance）

Personalpronounsandvoices人称代词和语气:

3rdperson第三人称,passivevoice被动语态,tolimittheuseoffirst-personpronounsandmixedvoices.

VI.Writingtechniques

1.5steps:

1）.definingthecontext,topicandpurpose2）.outliningtheapproachandprocedures

3）.listingresults,findings,conclusionandsignificance4）.draftingtheabstract起草摘要

5）.checking

2.5Astrategy:

A1background（onesentence）

A2topic（onetopicsentenceandoneortwosupportingsentencesifnecessary）

A3approach（twoormoresentencestogivespecificinformationabouttheapproach）

A4conclusion（onesentenceormoreifnecessary）

A5significance（onesentence）

3.Likelymistakesandcommonerrors:

1）.Informalwritingstyle非正式的写作风格

writtenlanguage书面语;avoidcolloquialstyle避免口语

2）.Incompetentcontent内容不充分

Basicelementsincluded;avoidbeingtoosimple

3）.Monotonouslanguage语言单调

lackofvarietyleadingtomonotonouslanguage

4）.Imbalanceofinformation

background,topic,approach,conclusionandsignificanceshouldbebalanced.

※V.Introduction

I.Generalfunctions

1.introducingthebackground（content）what

2.showingtheresearchscopewhere

3.statingthegeneralpurposewhy

4.explainingthecontentarrangement（process）how

II.Structuralfeatures

afunnel-shape漏斗形

Startingwiththeresearchbackground

（whathasbeendone）

Narrowingdownto

theexistingproblem

（whathasnot

beendone）

Focusingon

thepresent

research

（whatam

Igoing

todo）

Backgroundintheabstractandintroduction

•Abstract:

maynothavebackground;orifthereis,itshouldbeveryshort,justoneortwosentences.

•Introduction:

thebackgroundshouldbemuchlongerandmoreinformative,andtotakeallthesepreviousstudiesasthebackgroundofthepresentwork.

III.Expressions:

1.Introducingthebackground

Recentexperimentsby…havesuggested…

Severalresearchershavetheoreticallyinvestigated…

Therehavebeenafewstudieshighlighting…

Inmoststudiesof…hasbeenemphasizedwithattentionbeinggivento…

2.Presentingexistingproblems

Greatprogresshasbeenmadeinthisfield,however…

3.Focusingonthepresentresearch

Limitingthescopeofwork

TheproblemIhavereferredtofallswithinthefieldof…

Introducingthepresentwork

Inthispaper,…isinvestigated/studied/discussed/presented

Presentingresearchmethodsandprocedures

Themethod/approachusedinthepresentstudyis…

Indicatingtheorganizationofthepaper

Thispaperisdividedintofivemajorsectionsasfollows…

Tipsforwritinganintroduction:

Incontrasttoanabstract,inthispart,oneisnotencouragedtoprovidedetailedinformationontheapproachandconclusionofone’sstudy

※VI.MainText

I.Thestructureofthemainbody

Itvariesfrompapertopaperandmaydependonwhetheritistheoreticalorexperimental.

Generally,itcoversthe8items（especiallyforpapersofexperimentalnature）:

Materialsused

Equipments,devices,orinstruments仪器及设备

Methods（steps,procedures,operation操作,conditions,etc）

Calculations计算

Surveysorinvestigations调查（datacollectionandanalysis数据收集及分析）

Results

Discussions

Recommendations建议

ExperimentalVSTheoretical

•Papersoftheexperimentalnature:

experiments,investigations,analysisoftheresults.

•Papersofthetheoreticalnature:

Description描述,logicaldevelopment逻辑展开,etc.

II.Languageuseatthelexicallevel词汇层面

1.Wordswithspecificmeanings

2.Wordswithspecificmeanings

replacingverbphrasesbyasinglewordofaspecificmeaning；

replacinginformalwordsandphrasesbyformalones

verbphrasesverbsInformalformal

speedupacceleratewithoutintheabsenceof

putinadddoasumcalculate

breatheininhaledo/actbehave

thinkaboutconsiderabout/moreorlessapproximately

takeawayremoveupsidedowninverted

increaseinamountaccumulatesometimesoccasionally

jointogethercombinealittleslightly

pushawayrepelbetter（than）superior（to）

gettogetherconcentrategiveprovide

pushintoinsertintheendeventually

notnaturalartificial

Informalformal

makeless/becomelessdecrease

getbiggerexpand

notasgood（a