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资源回收潜力分析研究基于中国城市和农村生活垃圾的研究外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译.docx

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资源回收潜力分析研究基于中国城市和农村生活垃圾的研究外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译

附录

AnAnalyticalStudyontheResourceRecyclingPotentialsof

UrbanandRuralDomesticWasteinChina

Abstract

Thetotalwet-basisweightofurbanandruraldomesticwasteinChinaisabout500,000,000tonseveryyear,60%ofwhichcomesfromdry-basiswaste（about300,000,000tons）.Single-composition,cleanwastethatisseparatedonadrybasis,especiallythelow-valuecomponentssuchasfoodwasteandplastics,hashugeresourcerecyclingpotentials.Thepotentialaddedvaluesfromresourcerecyclingofthe500,000,000tonsofurbanandruraldomesticwastewouldbearoundRMB926.17billion,RMB1,065.98billionandRMB1,205.81billionuponthreepricesofgranulatedorganic-inorganiccompoundfertilizers.ApotentialvalueofRMB1,065.98billion,forinstance,wouldbe2.26%ofChina’s2011GDP（RMB47.1564trillion）,whichmaymakeresourcerecyclingofdomesticwasteoneofthelargeindustries.Resourcerecyclingofdomesticwasteisamajorenergy-savingandenvironment-friendlystrategicemergingindustryinChina,andaprioritizedmanagementstrategyforresourcerecyclingofdomesticwasteshouldbeestablishedforthemaximumresourcerecycling.

Keywords:

Domesticwaste;Resourcerecycling;Potentialanalysis

1.Issues

TheevaluationonresourcerecyclingpotentialsofurbanandruraldomesticwasteinChinaisanimportantbasisforawell-drawntechnologyroadmapofdomesticwasteandworkablemanagementpolicies.Accordingtothedry-basisseparationtestforurbanresidentialwaste,domesticwasteincludeshigh-valuemarketablewasteandlow-valueunmarketablewaste,inwhichpaper,bulkyfurnitureandothersinthefirstcategorymaybecollectedandsoldviavariouschannels,whereasthoseinthesecondcategorygotolandfillsorareburnedbecauseoftheir“uselessness”.

AccordingtotheWorldBank,therewillbeavastmarketforsecondhandmaterialsinChina,andby2030,urbanwasteinChina–paperandmetalsinparticular–willbeoneofthebiggestcommoditysourcesintheworld.DomesticstudiesshowthatChinaproduces400,000,000tonsofdomesticwasteeachyear,indicatingitistimetousewasteasastrategicresource.Accordingtotheacademiccommunity,wasteshouldbeknownastheoneandonlygrowingresource,andthewasteindustryshouldbeplannedasoneofthekeyindustries.

Accordingtorelevantstatistics,“renewableresources”thatarediscardedinChinesecitieseveryyeararevaluedatRMB25billion,andtheyearlyvalueofdiscardeddomesticwaste“resources”approximatesatRMB125billion.InChina,everyyearthereisahugeamountofdomesticwasteburiedorburnedbeforeseparation,anditsresourcerecyclingpotentialsneedtobefurtherstudied.Inthispaper,theresourcerecyclingpotentialsofvalue-addedprocessingandproductionofdry-basisrawmaterialsfromurbanandruraldomesticwasteinChinaareestimatedandanalyzedonthebasisofthedry-basisseparationtestandrelevantdomesticstudies.

2.TotalWeightandTotalDry-basisWeightofUrbanandRuralDomesticWasteinChina

Accuratebasicdataofthetotalwet-basisweightandthetotaldry-basisweightisanecessityfortheresourcerecyclingpotentialanalysisofdomesticwaste.However,allweknowabouturbandomesticwasteatpresentishowmuchithasbeencollectedandtransportedinsteadofbeingproduced,andforruraldomesticwaste,welackboth.Therefore,wehavetoestimatetheproductionfromtheweightofcollectedandtransportedwaste,andcalculatetheproductionofruraldomesticwasteaccordingtorelevantdata.

2.1Annualproductionofurbandomesticwaste

AccordingtotheMinistryofConstruction,urbandomesticwastethatwascollectedandtransportedin654citiesofChinaamountedto157,000,000tonsin2010.Theproductionissupposedtobe25%higher,or,accordingtoZhangLiJing’sconservativeestimate,30%higher.Sotheactualproductionofurbandomesticwasteinthe654citiesmaybeestimatedbetween196,250,000tonsand204,100,000tons–200,000,000tonsforconvenience.

2.2.Annualproductionofruraldomesticwaste

AccordingtoanationwidesurveyondrinkingwaterandenvironmentalhealthinruralareasthatwasjointlyorganizedbytheNationalPatrioticHealthCampaignCommitteeandtheMinistryofHealthfromAugust2006toNovember2007,domesticwastewasamajorpartoffarmerhouseholdwaste,thedailyproductionofruraldomesticwastewas0.86kgperperson,andeveryyeartherewasnearly300,000,000tonsofdomesticwasteproducedinChina’sruralareas,ofwhich1/3（about100,000,000tons）wasrandomlydumpedandseriouslypollutedtheenvironment.

2.3.Totaldry-basisweightofurbanandruraldomesticwaste

TheaveragewatercontentofurbanresidentialwasteinBeijingis50.19%.Estimatedfromawatercontentof50%,the200,000,000tonsofurbandomesticwasteproducedinChinaincludesabout100,000,000tonsofwater,whichmeansthetotaldry-basisweightis100,000,000tons.Calculatedfromawatercontentof35.79%ofruraldomesticwasteinBeijing,the300,000,000tonsofruraldomesticwasteinChinaisthesumof107,370,000tonsofwaterandabout200,000,000tonsofdry-basiswaste.Insuchacase,theannualamountofurbanandruraldomesticwasteinChinaisabout500,000,000tons,includingmorethan200,000,000tonsofwaterandabout300,000,000tonsofdry-basiswaste.

2.4.Referencephysicalcomponentsforevaluationonresourcerecyclingpotentialsofurbanandruraldomesticwaste

TheevaluationontheresourcerecyclingpotentialsofurbandomesticwasteisbasedonreferencecomponentsinTable1andTable2,andthatofruraldomesticwasteisbasedonthefindingsofXieDongming.

Table1.PhysicalcomponentsofdomesticwasteintheeighturbandistrictsofBeijing,2007（wetbasis,%）

Table2.Physicalcomponentsoflow-valueurbanresidentialwaste

Table3.PhysicalcomponentsofruraldomesticwasteinChina（wetbasis,%）

3.EstimatesonResourceRecyclingPotentialsofUrbanandRuralDomesticWaste

BasedonthereferencecomponentsinTables1-3,theresourcerecyclingpotentialsofmajordomesticwasteareestimatedasfollows.

3.1.Foodwaste

Urbanfoodwaste.Urbanhouseholdfoodwasteareaquitelargepartofdomesticwaste（asshowninTable1,foodwasteaccountedfor66.22%ofthedomesticwasteintheeighturbandistrictsofBeijingin2007）.Forconvenience,weassume60%ofurbandomesticwasteisfoodwasteinaverage,sotherewouldbe120,000,000tonsoffoodwasteinthe200,000,000tonsofurbandomesticwaste.AccordingtoLiZhenshanetal.,thedryweightoffoodwasteis20-25%,sotheannualtotaldry-basisweightofurbanfoodwasteinChinawouldbe27,600,000tonsuponameandryweightof23%.Themostappropriatewatercontentforcompostingis50-60%,andtheproducedorganicfertilizersweigh50%lighterthanthetotal,sothepotentialamountoforganicfertilizersfromurbandomesticwasteinChinawouldbe21,390,000tonsincaseofawatercontentof55%（27,600,000x1.55=42,780,000/2）.

AccordingtoTable3,foodwasteaccountsfor24.54%ofthetotalruraldomesticwasteinChina.Basedonaroundedpercentageof25%,thetotalamountofruralfoodwasteinChinawouldbe75,000,000tons,including17,500,000tonsofdry-basiswaste（dry-basiscontent:

23%）whichcouldproduce13,562,500tonsoforganicfertilizers（17,500,000x1.55=27,515,000/2）.

Accordingtotheaboveanalysisandestimates,thetheoreticpotentialamountoforganicfertilizersfromfoodwasteintheannually500,000,000tonsofurbanandruraldomesticwasteinChinawouldbe34,952,500tons（21,390,000+13,562,500）.Incaseofthemostappropriateratiooforganicandinorganicnutrientsfororganic-inorganiccompoundfertilizers（1:

1）,thepotentialamountoforganic-inorganiccompoundfertilizersfromfoodwasteinChinaapproximatesat69,905,000tons.

Granulatedorganic-inorganiccompoundfertilizersareefficient,high-qualityslow-releasefertilizers.Slow/controlledreleasefertilizersusuallycost3-9timesmorethanordinaryfertilizersoutsideChina,and2-8timesmorethanordinarychemicalfertilizers,knownas“unaffordablefertilizers”.ByJune2012,thepriceofureainthedomesticmarkethasbeenstabilizedataroundRMB2,300/t.GiventhepriceofureaisRMB2,000/t,thenthepotentialvalueofthe69,905,000tonsofgranulatedorganic-inorganiccompoundfertilizerswouldbeRMB139.81billion,RMB279.62billionandRMB419.43billionatdifferentpriceratiosofslow/controlledreleasefertilizersandordinaryfertilizers（1:

1,2:

1and3:

1）.

3.2.Wasteplastics

Low-valuewasteplasticsareusuallysenttolandfillsorburnedratherthanbeingrecycled,leadingtoseriousenvironmentalpollutionandresourcewaste.AccordingtoTable1,wasteplasticsaccountedfor13.11%ofdomesticwasteintheeighturbandistrictsofBeijing,sothetotalamountofplasticsinurbandomesticwasteinChinawouldbe20,000,000tons（thepercentageisassumedat10%forconvenience）.AccordingtoTable3,6.02%ofruraldomesticwasteisplastics,sothetotalamountwouldbe18,060,000tons.Asaresult,theannualproductionofurbanandruralwasteplasticswouldbeabout38,060,000tons.

Wood-plasticcompositesarenewreversibleandrecyclablemultipurposematerialswhicharemainlymadeofwoodfibersandplastics（plasticresin:

30-75%;woodfibers:

25-70%）.Wood-plasticbuildingtemplatesmadeofwasteplastics（30%）andwoodchips（70%）havealreadybeendevelopedinChina,whichmeans126,870,000tonsofwood-plasticboardscanbeproducedfromthe38,060,000tonsofwasteplastics.Assumingwood-plastictemplatescostRMB5,760/t[20],thepotentialvaluewouldbeRM