最新整理语言学名词解释Word文件下载.docx
《最新整理语言学名词解释Word文件下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《最新整理语言学名词解释Word文件下载.docx（8页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。
5。
Psycholinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics。
6。
Language:
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
7.
Phonetics:
Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.
8.
Morphology：
Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology。
9。
Semantics：
Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics。
10.
Sociolinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.
11。
Appliedlinguistics:
Inanarrowsense，appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning，especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability。
12.
Arbitrariness:
Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage。
Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds
13。
Productivity:
Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.
14.
Displacement:
Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar—awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker
15.
Duality：
Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem，whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings。
16。
Designfeatures:
Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication
17.
Competence：
Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser'
sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,
18。
Performance：
performanceistheactualrealizationoftheknowledgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication。
19.
Langue：
Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity；
Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow；
Langueisrelativelystable，itdoesnotchangefrequently
20。
Parole：
Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse；
paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;
parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation。
45。
phonology：
Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage；
itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication。
21。
phoneme:
Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme；
itisaunitofdistinctivevalue。
Butitisanabstractunit.Tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound;
itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures。
22.allophone：
Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme。
23.internationalphoneticalphabet：
Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.
24。
intonation:
Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation。
25。
phonetics:
Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;
itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'
slanguages
26。
auditoryphonetics:
Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer'
spointofview。
Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehear-er.
27.acousticphonetics:
Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves。
Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother。
528.phone：
Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment。
Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning。
529。
phonemiccontrast：
Phonemiccontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophonemes.Iftwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning，theyareinphonemiccontrast.
30。
tone:
Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords。
31。
minimalpair：
Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.
33.
Morphology:
Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed。
34。
inflectionalmorphology：
Theinflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflections
35。
derivationalmorphology：
Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword—formation。
36。
Morpheme：
Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage。
37.
freemorpheme:
Freemorphemesarethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.
38。
Boundmorpheme:
Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.
39.
Root:
Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword；
itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear，definitemeaning;
itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword。
40.
Affix:
Affixesareoftwotypes:
inflectionalandderivational。
Inflectionalaffixesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategories，whilederivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.
41.
Prefix：
Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofaword。
Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,buttheyusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.
42。
Suffix：
Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;
theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.
43.
Derivation：
Derivationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichderivativeaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword。
44。
Compounding：
Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.
syntax：
Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguistics。
Itstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Itconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.
46。
Sentence：
Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement，questionorcommand.Normally，asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectandapredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraverbphrase.
47.
coordinatesentence:
Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordcalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"
and”,”but”,"
or"
.
48。
syntacticcategories：
Apartfromsentencesandclauses,asyntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoaword（calledalexicalcategory）oraphrase（calledaphrasalcategory）thatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.
49。
grammaticalrelations：
Thestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsofconstituentsarecalledgrammaticalrelations.Thegrammaticalrelationsofasentenceconcernthewayeachnounphraseinthesentencerelatestotheverb。
Inmanycases，grammaticalrelationsinfactrefertowhodoeswhattowhom.
50。
linguisticcompetence：
Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerknownaslinguisticcompetence.
51。
Transformationalrules：
Transformationalrulesaretherulesthattransformonesentencetypeintoanothertype。
52。
D-structure：
D-structureisthelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforemovementtakesplace。
Phrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure。
53.Semantics：
Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.
54。
Sense:
Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;
itisabstractanddecontextualised。
55.Reference:
Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal，physicalworld；
itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience
56。
Synonymy:
Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.
57。
Polysemy：
Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.
58。
Homonymy：
Homonymyreferstothephenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform，i。
e。
differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.
59。
homophones：
Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarecalledhomophones
60.homographs:
Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling，theyarehomographs.
61。
completehomonyms。
：
Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling，theyarecalledcompletehomonyms.
62。
Hyponymy：
Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral，moreinclusivewordandamorespecifi
升级会员 