全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案研精.docx

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案研精.docx

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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及答案研精

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一试题及答案

SectionI UseofEnglish

    Directions:

    Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（sforeachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points

    TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.

    JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.

    Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics.

    TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.

    Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust.

    Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,convincingaslaw.

    1.[A]emphasize  [B]maintain  [C]modify  [D]recognize

    2.[A]when  [B]lest  [C]before  [D]unless

    3.[A]restored  [B]weakened  [C]established  [D]eliminated

    4.[A]challenged  [B]compromised  [C]suspected  [D]accepted

    5.[A]advanced  [B]caught  [C]bound  [D]founded

    6.[A]resistant  [B]subject  [C]immune  [D]prone

    7.[A]resorts  [B]sticks  [C]loads  [D]applies

    8.[A]evade  [B]raise  [C]deny  [D]settle

    9.[A]line  [B]barrier  [C]similarity  [D]conflict

    10.[A]by  [B]as  [C]though  [D]towards

    11.[A]so   [B]since  [C]provided  [D]though

    12.[A]serve  [B]satisfy  [C]upset  [D]replace

    13.[A]confirm  [B]express  [C]cultivate  [D]offer

    14.[A]guarded  [B]followed  [C]studied  [D]tied

    15.[A]concepts  [B]theories  [C]divisions  [D]conceptions

    16.[A]excludes  [B]questions  [C]shapes  [D]controls

    17.[A]dismissed  [B]released  [C]ranked  [D]distorted

    18.[A]suppress  [B]exploit  [C]address  [D]ignore

    19.[A]accessible  [B]amiable  [C]agreeable  [D]accountable

    20.[A]byallmesns  [B]atallcosts  [C]inaword  [D]asaresult

    SectionIIReadingComprehension

    PartA

    Directions:

    Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points

    Text1

    Comeon–Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.

    Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:

InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.

    Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:

theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!

”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.

    Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.

    There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:

weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.

    Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:

intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.

    21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas

    [A]asupplementtothesocialcure

    [B]astimulustogroupdynamics

    [C]anobstacletoschoolprogress

    [D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors

    22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould

    [A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers

    [B]learnfromadvertisers’experience

    [C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers

    [D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements

    23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto 

    [A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors

    [B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure

    [C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding

    [D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect

    24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors

    [A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends

    [B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies

    [C]occurswithoutourrealizingit

    [D]canproducenegativehealthhabits

    25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis

    [A]harmful

    [B]desirable

    [C]profound

    [D]questionable

    Text2

    Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.

    Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove.

    Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.

    EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement–especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.

    Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:

whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.

    ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission（NRCreviewsthecompany’sapplication,itsh