英语国家概况笔记doc.docx

英语国家概况笔记doc.docx

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英语国家概况笔记doc

PartonetheUnitedKingdomofBritainandNorthIreland

p31What’sthedifferencesbetweenBritainandtheBritishIsles,GreatBritain,

England,theUKandtheBritishCommonwealth?

2tell3geographicalnamesoftheUK

3tellthe3politicaldivisionsontheislandofGreatBritain

p41theBritishEmpiregraduallydisappearedanditwasreplacedbytheBritish

CommonwealthoftheCommonwealthofNationsin1931

2theCommonwealth

3Describethegeographicalposition（features）ofBritain

4itisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannelinthesouthand

theNorthSeaintheeast

5theEnglishChannel

p51Chunnel

2thenorthandwestofBritainaremainlyhighlands.

3Englandoccupiesthelargest,southernpartofGreatBritainwithWalestoits

westandScotlandtoitsnorth.

4WhereaboutsinGreatBritainaremostlyhighlandandlowland

p61thePennines

2tellthe3naturalzonesinScotland

3BenNevis,thehighestmountaininBritainislocatedScotland.

p71inBritain,thelongestriveristheSevenRiver

2ThamesRiver

p8thelargestlakeinBritainistheLoughNeaghinNorthernIreland

p91WhatfactorsinfluencetheclimateinBritain

2tellthecharacteristicsofBritain’sclimate

p111DescribethedistributionofBritain’spopulation

2Britainhasapopulationof57,411,000

3Britainisadenselypopulatedcountrywithanaverageof237peoplepersquare

kilometreanditisveryunevenlydistributed.

p121WhatisthedifferencebetweenancestorsoftheEnglishandScot,Welshand

Irish

2DuringthefifthcenturywhentheRomanEmpirefell,theGermanicAnglesandSaxons

invadedandconqueredBritain.

3ItwasfromtheunionofNormanconquerorsandthedefeatedAnglo-Saxonsthatthe

EnglishpeopleandtheEnglishlanguagewereborn.

p131WhatarethedifferencesincharacterandspeechbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland

2inBritain,southernersspeakthetypeofEnglishclosertoBBCEnglish

3Cockney

4theancestorsoftheWelshweretheancientBritons

p141Eisteddfodau

2HowdotheWelshkeeptheirlanguageandculture?

3What’sthemainprobleminNorthIreland?

p151theimmigrantscamefromtheWestIndies,IndiaandPakistan（排除型选择）

2WhichpartofBritainhasthemostrainfallandwhichpartisthedriest?

p161thefirstknownsettlersofBritainweretheIberians

2WhydowesaythatEnglishnationisamixtureonnationalityofdifferentorigin?

p171EarliestinvasionofEnglandisbyCelts

2theCeltsbegantoarriveabout700BCandkeptcominguntilthearrivalofthe

Romans.

p181theCelts’sreligionwasDruidism

2BritishrecordedhistorybeginswiththeRomaninvasion

3JuliusCaesar

4fornearly400yearsBritainwasundertheRomanoccupation

p191Hadrian’sWall

2AntonineWall

3Yorkhadbeencreatedasanorthernstronghold

p201thefirstChristianEmperor,Constantine,wasproclaimedinAD306

2tellwhytheRomanimpactupontheBritonswassurprisinglylimited

3WhoweretheAnglo-Saxons,howdidHeptarchycomeintobeing?

p211Angles

2sevenprincipalkingdoms

3Heptarchy

4whentheNorthumbrianssubmittedtohimandtookhimfortheirmasterin829,

EgbertactuallybecameanoverlordofalltheEnglish

5theAnglo-SaxonsbroughttheirownTeutonicreligiontoBritain

p221amonkcalledColumbaestablishedamonastery.

2St.Augustine

3WhatcontributionsdidtheearlyAnglo-SaxonsmaketoEnglishstate?

p231Witan

2Anglo-Saxonsalsoestablishedthemanorialsystem

3Anglo-SaxonscreatedtheWitan

4Alfred

5theDanelaw

6Alfredisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”

7AlfredtheGreat

p24KingEdward,the“Confessor”,seemedmoreconcernedwiththebuildingof

WestminsterAbbeythanwithaffairsofstate.

p251tellthereasonofthebattleonHastings

21066,WilliamwascrownedKingofEnglandinWestminsterAbbeybytheArchbishop

ofYork

p261theNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebestknowneventinEnglishhistory.

2WilliamtheConqueror

3theNormanConquest

4themodernnamesofEnglandEnglishderivefromtheAngles

5WhoweretheVikings?

6WhatdoyouknowaboutStAugustine?

p271underWilliam’ssystem,atthebottomofthefeudalscalewerethevilleins

orserfs,unfreepeasantswhowerelittlebetterthanslaves.

2WilliamreplacedtheWitan,thecounciloftheAnglo-SaxonKings,withtheGrand

Councilofhisnewtenantsinchief

p281DomesdayBook

2DomesdayBookcompletedin1086,wastheresultofageneralsurveyofEngland

madein1085

p291William,knownasWilliamRufusbecauseofhisredcomplexion

2HenryIIwasthefirstkingoftheHouseofPlantagenet.

3HowdidKingHenryIIconsolidatethemonarchy?

p301HowdidHenryIIreformthecourts&law?

2InHenryII’sreignacommonlaw,wasgraduallyestablishedinplaceofthe

customsofthemanor.

p311WhatwasthequrrelbetweenKingHenryIIandThomasBecket?

2exceptionalprivilegesenjoyedbytheclergythatbroughtKingHenryinto

collisionwithThomasBecket

3theGreatCouncilofHenryIIdrewuptheConstitutionsofClarendonin1164

p32GeoffreyChaucer

p331WhatwasthecontentsandsignificanceofGreatCharter?

2theBaron’scharter

3MagnaCarta

4withtheutmostreluctance,thekingwasforcedtoputhissealtotheGreat

CharteronJune19,1215

5MagnaCartahadaltogether63clauses

6acommitteeof24baronsplustheMayorofLondonwaschosentohelpthekingcarry

outtheGreatCharter

p341WhyandhowdidtheEnglishParliamentcomeintobeing?

2in1242HenryIIIundertookanexpensivewarwithFrancewhichendedwiththeloss

ofthewholeofPoitou.

3SimondeMontfort

4ProvisionsofOxford

5SimondeMontfortsummonedin1265theGreatCounciltomeetatWestminster.

p361handredsyearswarbetweenEnglandandFrancelastedfrom1337—1453

2WhatwerethecausesofHandredsYearsWar?

3BattleofArgencourt

4JoandeArc

5By1453,CalaiswastheonlypartofFrancethatwasstillinthehandsofthe

English.

6WhytheexpulsionoftheEnglishfromFranceisregardedasablessingforboth

countries?

p371BlackDeath

2asaresultoftheblackdeath,muchlandwasleftuntendedandtherewasa

terribleshortageoflabour.

3duringtheblackdeathperiod,in1351,thegovernmentissuedaStatuteof

Labourers

p381WhatdoyouknowaboutWatTyler’sUprising?

2thePeasantUprising

3theLollards

p39duringthepeasantuprising,manyhundredsofrebelswereputtodeathby

KingRichard.

p401WarsoftheRoses

2theinstablilitywascausedbythetwobranchesofthePlantagenetfamily,the

HouseofLancasterandtheHouseofYorkbetween1455and1485.

p411onAug22,1458atBosworthFieldinLeicstershirethelastbattleofWars

oftheRoseswasfoughtbetweenRichardIIIandHenryTudor,HenryTudorwon.

2althoughtheWarsoftheRoseswerewagedintermittentlyforthirtyyears,ordinary

peoplewerelittleaffected.

p421WhatwastheeffectofWarsofRoses?

2theEnglishReformationbeganwithHenryVIII

3HenryVIII

p43WhyandhowdidReformationhappeninEngland?

andWhatwastheeffect?

p44BloodyMary

p451ElizabethI

2Elizabeth’sreligiousreformwasacompremiseofview.ShebrokeMary’sties

withRomeandrestoredherfather’sindependentChurchofEngland

3HowdidQueenElizabethdealwiththereligiousproblemaftershebecameQueen

ofthecountry?

p46tellElizabeth’sforeignpolicy

p471RenassancewasthetransitionalperiodbetweentheMiddleAgesandmoderntimes,

coveringtheyearsc1350-c1650

2inEngland,theRenaissancewasusuallythoughtofasbeginningwiththeaccession

oftheHouseofTudortothethronein1485.

3tellthecharacteristicsoftheEnglishRenaissance.

p491ChristopherMarlowe

2BenJonson

3WilliamShakespeare

p501EdmundSpenser

2FrancisBacon

p511GunpowderPlot

2onNov.51605,afewfanaticalCatholicsattemptedtoblowKingJamesandhis

ministersupintheHousesofParliament.

p521in1620asmallgroupofthePuritans,calledthePilgrimFathers,sailedfrom

PlymouthintheMayflower.

2CharlesIwasthesonofJamesI

3CharlesI’srelationswiththeParliamentwerefromthestartdisastrous.

p53PetitionofRight

p551Cavaliers

2Roundheads

p561WhatweretheconsequencesoftheCivilWars?

2theEnglishCivilWarisalsocalledthePuritanRevolution

3PuritanRevolution

p571afterKingCharles’sexecutionin1649,therewaspublicoutrageinEngland

2the“Rump”

p581whenOliverCromwelldiedin1685,andwassucceededbyhisson,Richard.

2ParliamentpassedaseriesofseverelawscalledtheClarendonCodeagainstthe

Puritans,nowknownasNonconformists

p591tellthe2ofthemostfamousliteraryworksofthelate17thcentury

2JohnBunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress

3JohnMilton’sParadiseLost

4Howdidthe“gloriousRevolution”breakout?

Whatwasthesignificanceofit?

p60BillofRights（1689）

p611WhatwastheabsoluteruleofJamesIofEngland?

2GiveabriefaccountofHenryVII

p621theWhigs

2theTories

3theToriesweretheforerunnersoftheConservativeParty.

p63theToriesweregreatlyinfluencedbyJeremyBentham’sidealsknownas

“Utilitarianism”

p651EnclosureActs

2inEngland,the18thcenturyalsosawselectivebreedingofcattle,sheepand

horsesbyRobertBakewell

3What’syourcommentonlandenclosuresinEngland?

p661Whatwastheindustrialr