高级英语写作级试题C.docx

高级英语写作级试题C.docx

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高级英语写作级试题C

《高级英语写作》期末试题C卷

开卷（）闭卷（■）适用专业年级：

英语、英语（经贸）、英语（旅游）2009级

姓名学号专业班级座位号

本试题一共三道大题，共页，满分100分。

考试时间120分钟。

总分

题号

一

二

三

阅卷人

题分

30

40

30

核分人

得分

注1.所有答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上一律无效。

2.试卷若有雷同以零分计。

3.考试结束后，试卷和答题纸一并交回。

PartIAccordingtothefollowingabstractandkeywordsofathesis,pleasestatetheRATIONALE,OBJECTIVEandTHEORETICALFRAMEoftheresearch.（30%）

Abstract:

Anykindoftranslation,literaryorunliterary,isboundupwiththeunderstandingandexplicationofsourcetext.Thisnatureoftranslationdeterminesitscloserelationwithhermeneutics—theoryofunderstandingandexplanationinacertaindegree.ThedebatingofthemodernWesternhermeneuticstheoristsprovidesusacompletelynewHorizontoexaminetranslation.Basedontheirtwodiametricallyopposedviewpointsonauthor'smeaning,thepresentpapertriestodiscusssuchproblemsastranslatabilityanduntranslatabilityinnewperspectives.

Keywords:

author'smeaning;meaningoftext;hermeneutics;translationstudies

关键词：

作者本意；本文本意；解释学；翻译研究

PartIIChoosearesearchpapertitlefrombelowandOUTLINEthisresearchpaperwiththeFIVE-CHAPTEREDframe.（40%）

Title1:

UnderstandingofFrameTheory:

FromFramedSchematoDynamicFrame

（Abstract:

Throughtheanalysisofframestructure,itsinnerpartsandconstruction,theessayproposesthatframeisadynamicandhierarchicalstructureconsistingofschema.Beingdynamic,thehierarchyofframeisnotpyramided,buttopologicallyoverlapping.Inthedynamiccourse,framecanbedeconstructedandreconstructed.Theanalysishelpsbetterunderstandframetheoryandbetterunderstandtheconnotationoftheframestructure.）

Title2:

AcademicInnovationandDisciplinePioneeringinComparativeLiteratureResearch

（Abstract:

Takingcreativetreasoninliterarytranslationasitsontology,thetransmissionofculturalimages,themisinterpretationinliterarytranslation,thehistoryoftranslatedliterature,andthehistoryofliterarytranslationasitsobjects,AnIntroductiontoMedio-TranslatologywrittenbyXieTianzhenmarksthebirthofanewdiscipline.Medio-Translatologygreatlybroadenstheacademicvisionoftraditionaltranslationresearch,enlargesitsobjectsandenrichesitsmethodology,thusbecomingamodelofacademicinnovationanddisciplinepioneering.）

Title3:

Author'sMeaningandtheMeaningofText———HermeneuticsandTranslationStudies

（Abstract:

Anykindoftranslation,literaryorunliterary,isboundupwiththeunderstandingandexplicationofsourcetext.Thisnatureoftranslationdeterminesitscloserelationwithhermeneutics—theoryofunderstandingandexplanationinacertaindegree.ThedebatingofthemodernWesternhermeneuticstheoristsprovidesusacompletelynewHorizontoexaminetranslation.Basedontheirtwodiametricallyopposedviewpointsonauthor'smeaning,thepresentpapertriestodiscusssuchproblemsastranslatabilityanduntranslatabilityinnewperspectives）

PartIIIJudgethedigestofaLiteratureReviewofagraduationpaperaccordingtothescoringcriteria,andstateyouropinionforgivingthepoints.（30%）

Scoringcriteria:

Points

0

1

2

3

4

5

Frame

Mess

withoutanyclue

Messbutwithclues

Messbutlogical

Fairlyorder

with

logic

Orderandlogical

Accurateinbothorderandlogic

DigestedAbstract:

2.1.1Conditionalstudyfromlogicalandphilosophicalperspectives

Thereviewoftheresearchesofconditionalsisintheconsiderationsreasonablyfromthelogicalandphilosophicalperspectives.Tworelationsareconcerned:

firstly,theconnectionbetweenconditionalsandarguments;secondly,theconnectionbetweenconditionalsandthefocusoflogiconargumentanalysis（ThedescriptioninthissectionismainlybasedonVidal,2002）,atlast,theconnectionbetweenconditionalsandtheimportanceoflogicforphilosophy.Thedebateoverconditionalscanbereviewedbacktotheancientstudies.Itisacommonsensethatlogicisalwaysthoughtofasthetheoryofreasoning.Forthesake,conditionallogichasbeendevelopedasadevicetogiveanaccountofhowtogetaresultfromcondition（s）intheformofif-conditional:

ifp,thenq.Thiskindoflogicaloperationisveryold,andcanatleastbedatedbacktostoics.Atthattime,“differentconceptionswerealreadyincompetitionandnonemanagedtogainuniformagreement.”（Vidal2002:

2）AccordingtoVidal（2002）,thedevelopmentofconditionallogicagainstthebackgroundofmodernlogicisquiteinteresting,thoughcontroversial.“Infact,itshowsthedevelopmentofthefieldasanautonomousoneandthecomplexityoftheproblemareexemplifiedbythevariousattemptstoresolveit.”（Vidal2002:

2）Thevariousattemptsrepresentedbydifferentscholarswillbebrieflysurveyedhere.

Intheareaofmodernlogic,discussionsaboutitshistoryanddevelopmenthasbeeninterestedandresearchedbythescholarssuchasFrege,Russell.AlthoughFrege’snewtheoryofquantificationandRussell&Whitehead’sdistinctionofthepropositionallevelareofgreatacademicsignificanceinmodernareaoflogic,theirinsightfulideasdon’thavemuchtodowiththestudyofif-conditionals.ThefirstanalysisofconditionalsfromthepointofviewoflogicalconnectivewhichlogiciansnownametruthtablewassuggestedbyPeirceandWittgensteinrespectively.Themostimportantnotionadoptedtheninthisrespectwas“materialimplication”.Astothiskindofenvisagement,evenatthattimedifferentvoiceswerealreadyheard,especiallyinthecaseswherethereisafalseantecedentasisshowninthefollowing:

PQP→Q

－++

Itisstrangethatafalseconditionwouldbringaboutatrueconclusion.Lewisattemptedtosolvetheproblembygivinganewwayofanalysistothematerialimplication.Hesuggestedtherelationpostulatedbetweentheantecedentandtheconsequenthastobenecessary,andheevenproposedseveralsystemstoembodythedifferentintuitionsconcerningthenotionsofnecessityandpossibility.Althoughhisefforttoresolvetheproblemwasnotpersuasiveenough,itprovidedanacademicpathleadingtothefruitfuldevelopmentofmodallogic.Lateron,Ramsey,anothergreatlogicianandphilosopheratthatperiod,suggestedathoughtexperimenttojudgethetruth-valueofaconditional.Theyearof1946sawtheappearanceofanimportantarticle“Theproblemofcounterfactualconditionals”byGoodmanofHarvardUniversity,oneofthemostdistinguishedphilosophersinthelasthalf-century,whichparticularlydealtwiththespecificproblemsconcerningtheso-calledsubjunctiveconditionals.Furthermore,heusheredinthecentraltaskofmakingmuchaccountoftheuseofconditionalsinnaturallanguageandnotonlyinmathematics.Goodmanalsoexposedthedifficultiesoftheclaimsbythoseempiricistlogicianswhoattemptedtoreduceallscientificlanguagetoaformalone,latercamethetimefortheseriouseffortstosolve“theproblemofcounterfactualconditionals”.StalnakerandLewisputforwardrespectivelytheideastodealwiththeproblemwhytruthmaygointheabsenceoffact.（Stalnaker1968,Lewis1973）

Theseworksrepresentedtherealgrowthofthefieldinwhichcounterfactualconditionalsaresystematicallystudied.Byimportingandadaptingthetechniquesinheritedfrommodallogic,theygavethefirstseriousanalysistothiskindofconditionalfromthepointofviewofphilosophyaswellasfromrigoroussyntacticandsemanticconsiderations.Butforeachoftheseanalyses,bothexamplesandcounterexamplesmightbefound.Newthoughtswhichwouldseemquitedifferentfromthetraditionalanalysesalsocamethattheindicativeconditional,whichcanberoughlyassignedasthematchingpiecetothecounterfactualconditional,mightbeshednewlightuponwhenanalyzedinapragmatictheoreticalframework,andthattheanalysisofconditionalscanalsobebasedonprobability.Grice（1975）andLewis（1973）arerepresentativesoftheformer,andAdams（1975）andJackson（1987）,thelatter.

Fromthe1980s,thestudyofconditionalsbegantointegratewithotherfields,mostnoticeablebranchesbeingthestudyofnonmonotoniclogicandtheresearchofartificialintelligence.Newinsightsandpointsofviewarepresentedinalloftheseapproaches,enrichingtheavailabledata.

Finally,theconsiderationofconditionalsinmathematicsatthattimeshowedgreatprogresswiththeresultthatonecoulddistinguishtwodifferentusagesofconditionals.Thefirstoneistheuseinmathematicalreasoningandthesecondinnaturallanguage.Whiletraditionallyconditionallogicconcernsonlythisseconduse,onemaynoticethattheestablishmentofmathematicalconditionalreasoningsurelyhasbuiltitsrootsinnaturallanguageuse.Actually,onemayfindthatthepracticalrulesandconventionsofthenaturalconditionalsconstitutedthemainoperationalmodelsworkableinmathematicalreasoning.Accordingly,thestudyofconditionalsinnaturallanguagecouldhavescientificinfluenceonthestudyofformallogics,becauseunderstandingthemechanismofconditionalreasoninginitsnaturallanguagecontextcouldshedlightupontheestablishmentofthatofmathematicalreasoning.Cohenlistedthreefactorsthathavegivengreatimpulsetotheformalstudyofconditionals.

First,therewerethegreatadvancesinformallogics,notablythedevelopmentofrigorousaxiomaticandalgebraicmethodologiesandtheirdeploymenttothefieldsofmulti-valued,modal,andrelevancelogics.Thisgrewoutofandreinforcedthetraditionalconcernwithconditionalsasrepresentativeoflogicalinferences.LogicalPositivism’sconcernwiththelanguageofscienceprovidedasecondmotivation,bybringingthesubclassofcounterfactualconditio