管理信息系统外文翻译.docx

管理信息系统外文翻译.docx

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管理信息系统外文翻译

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科技文章摘译

 DefinitionofaManagementInformationSystem

Thereisnoconsensusofthedefinitionoftheterm"managementinformationsystem".Somewriterspreferalternativeterminologysuchas"informationprocessingsystem","informationanddecisionsystem","organizationalinformationsystem",orsimply"informationsystem"torefertothecomputer-basedinformationprocessingsystemwhichsupportstheoperations,management,anddecision-makingfunctionsofanorganization.Thistextuses“MIS”becauseitisdescriptiveandgenerallyunderstood;italsofrequentlyuses“informationsystem”insteadof“MIS”torefertoanorganizationalinformationsystem.

Adefinitionofamanagementinformationsystem,asthetermisgenerallyunderstood,isanintegrated,user-machinesystemforprovidinginformationtosupportoperations,management,anddecision-makingfunctionsinanorganization.Thesystemutilizescomputerhardwareandsoftware;manualprocedures;modelsforanalysisplanning,controlanddecisionmaking;andadatabase.Thefactthatitisanintegratedsystemdoesnotmeanthatitisasingle,monolithicstructure;rather,itmeansthatthepartsfitintoanoveralldesign.Theelementsofthedefinitionarehighlightedbelow. 

1Computer-baseduser-machinesystem

Conceptually,managementinformationcanexistwithoutcomputer,butitisthepowerofthecomputerwhichmakesMISfeasible.Thequestionisnotwhethercomputersshouldbeusedinmanagementinformationsystem,buttheextenttowhichinformationuseshouldbecomputerized.Theconceptofauser-machinesystemimpliesthatsometasksarebestperformedbyhumans,whileothersarebestdonebymachine.TheuserofanMISisanypersonresponsibleforenteringinputdata,instructingthesystem,orutilizingtheinformationoutputofthesystem.Formanyproblems,theuserandthecomputerformacombinedsystemwithresultsobtainedthroughasetofinteractionsbetweenthecomputerandtheuser.

User-machineinteractionisfacilitatedbyoperationinwhichtheuser’sinput-outputdevice（usuallyavisualdisplayterminal）isconnectedtothecomputer.Thecomputercanbeapersonalcomputerservingonlyoneuseroralargecomputerthatservesanumberofusersthroughterminalsconnectedbycommunicationlines.Theuserinput-outputdevicepermitsdirectinputofdataandimmediateoutputofresults.Forinstance,apersonusingthecomputerinteractivelyinfinancialplanningposes“whatif”questionsbyenteringinputattheterminalkeyboard;theresultsaredisplayedonthescreeninafewsecond.

Thecomputer-baseduser-machinecharacteristicsofanMISaffecttheknowledgerequirementsofbothsystemdeveloperandsystemuser.“computer-based”meansthatthedesignerofamanagementinformationsystemmusthaveknowledgeofcomputersandoftheiruseinprocessing.The“user-machine”conceptmeansthesystemdesignershouldalsounderstandthecapabilitiesofhumansassystemcomponents（asinformationprocessors）andthebehaviorofhumansasusersofinformation.

Informationsystemapplicationsshouldnotrequireuserstobecomputerexperts.However,usersneedtobeabletospecifytheirinformationrequirements;someunderstandingofcomputers,thenatureofinformation,anditsuseinvariousmanagementfunctionaidsusersinthistask.

2Integratedsystem

Managementinformationsystemtypicallyprovidesthebasisforintegrationoforganizationalinformationprocessing.Individualapplicationswithininformationsystemsaredevelopedforandbydiversesetsofusers.Iftherearenointegratingprocessesandmechanisms,theindividualapplicationsmaybeinconsistentandincompatible.Dataitemmaybespecifieddifferentlyandmaynotbecompatibleacrossapplicationsthatusethesamedata.Theremayberedundantdevelopmentofseparateapplicationswhenactuallyasingleapplicationcouldservemorethanoneneed.Auserwantingtoperformanalysisusingdatafromtwodifferentapplicationsmayfindthetaskverydifficultandsometimesimpossible.

Thefirststepinintegrationofinformationsystemapplicationsisanoverallinformationsystemplan.Eventhoughapplicationsystemsareimplementedoneatatime,theirdesigncanbeguidedbytheoverallplan,whichdetermineshowtheyfitinwithotherfunctions.Inessence,theinformationsystemisdesignedasaplanedfederationofsmallsystems.

Informationsystemintegrationisalsoachievedthroughstandards,guidelines,andproceduressetbytheMISfunction.Theenforcementofsuchstandardsandprocedurespermitdiverseapplicationstosharedata,meetauditandcontrolrequirements,andbesharesbymultipleusers.Forinstance,anapplicationmaybedevelopedtorunonaparticularsmallcomputer.Standardsforintegrationmaydictatethattheequipmentselectedbecompatiblewiththecentralizeddatabase.Thetrendininformationsystemdesignistowardseparateapplicationprocessingformthedatausedtosupportit.Theseparatedatabaseisthemechanismbywhichdataitemsareintegratedacrossmanyapplicationsandmadeconsistentlyavailabletoavarietyofusers.TheneedforadatabaseinMISisdiscussedbelow.

3Needforadatabase

Theterm“information”and“data”arefrequentlyusedinterchangeably;however,informationisgenerallydefinedasdatathatismeaningfulorusefultotherecipient.Dataitemsarethereforetherawmaterialforproducinginformation.

 Theunderlyingconceptofadatabaseisthatdataneedstobemanagedinordertobeavailableforprocessingandhaveappropriatequality.Thisdatamanagementincludesbothsoftwareandorganization.Thesoftwaretocreateandmanageadatabaseisadatabasemanagementsystem.

Whenallaccesstoanyuseofdatabaseiscontrolledthroughadatabasemanagementsystem,allapplicationsutilizingaparticulardataitemaccessthesamedataitemwhichisstoredinonlyoneplace.Asingleupdatingofthedataitemupdatesitforalluses.Integrationthroughadatabasemanagementsystemrequiresacentralauthorityforthedatabase.Thedatacanbestoredinonecentralcomputerordispersedamongseveralcomputers;theoverridingrequirementisthatthereisanorganizationalfunctiontoexercisecontrol.

4UtilizationofModels  

Itisusuallyinsufficientforhumanrecipientstoreceiveonlyrawdataorevensummarizeddata.Datausuallyneedstobeprocessedandpresentedinsuchawaythattheresultisdirectedtowardthedecisiontobemade.Todothis,processingofdataitemsisbasedonadecisionmodel.Forexample,aninvestmentdecisionrelativetonewcapitalexpendituresmightbeprocessedintermsofacapitalexpendituredecisionmodel. 

Decisionmodelscanbeusedtosupportdifferentstagesinthedecision-makingprocess.“Intelligence”modelscanbeusedtosearchforproblemsand/oropportunities.Modelscanbeusedtoidentifyandanalyzepossiblesolutions.Choicemodelssuchasoptimizationmodelsmaybeusedtofindthemostdesirablesolution

Inotherwords,multipleapproachesareneededtomeetavarietyofdecisionsituations.ThefollowingareexamplesandthetypeofmodelthatmightbeincludedinanMIStoaidinanalysisinsupportofdecision-making;inacomprehensiveinformationsystem,thedecisionmakerhasavailableasetofgeneralmodelsthatcanbeappliedtomanyanalysisanddecisionsituationsplusasetofveryspecificmodelsforuniquedecisions.Similarmodelsareavailableforplanningandcontrol.ThesetofmodelsisthemodelbasefortheMIS.

Themanagementinformationsystem（MIS）notonlysupportstheunderlyingbedadministrator,moreovermaysupporttheintermediatedeckpersonnel'scontrolcheck,forhighlevelalsocanprovidecertaininformation.Themanagementinformationsystemframebyfourparts:

Informationsource,informationprocessor,informationuserandinformationsuperintendent.Theinformationsourceistheinformationproductionplace;Informationprocessorburdentask/roleandsooninformationtransmission,processing,save;Theinformationuseristheinformationuser,carriesonthedecision-makingusingtheinformation;Theinformationsuperintendentisresponsiblefortheinformationsystemthedesign,theimplementationandthesafeguarding.Themanagementinformationsystemisregardedasgenerallyapyramidshapethestructure,dividesintofromthelowerlevelhandlingoftraffictotheoperatingcontrol,thecontrolcheck,thetopmoststorystrategicplanning.Themostbasicunitgreatlyprocessesthenumerousanddiversetransactioninformationandthestateinformationframingbythetask/role.

Inaword,themanagementinformationsystem（ManagementInformationSystem,MIS）,isbytheartificialleadership,usingthecomputerhardware,thesoftware,thenetworkcommunicatesthesedevicesandotherofficeequipmentscarriesontheinformationthecollection,thetransmission,theprocessing,thestorage,theupdateandthesafeguardingbyachievedtheenterprisestrategycompetessuperior,enhancesthebenefitandtheefficiencytarget,supportstheenterprisethehighleveldecision-making,theintermediatedeckcheckandthebasicunitoperationintegrationman-machinesystem.MISisthesuperintendentprovidesthereport,providestheenterprisetherecentsituationaswellasthehistoricrecord.Thissystemmainlocalizationisaimsatintheenterprise,forcontrolfunctionandsoonlevelplan,checkanddecision-makingserves,providesthedatagenerallybythelowerlevelhandlingoftrafficsystem.MISwillbeabletheactualenterprise'seachkindofrunsituation,andusingthepasthistoricaldataforecastfuture,embarkstheassistanceenterprisefromtheenterpriseoverallsituationan