计算机科学导论 全英版课后问答.docx

计算机科学导论 全英版课后问答.docx

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计算机科学导论全英版课后问答

CHAPTER1

1.Explainthefivepartsofaninformationsystem。

Whatpartdopeopleplayinthissystem?

Aninformationsystemhasfiveparts:

people，procedures,software，hardwareanddata.

People：

Areenduserswhousecomputertomakethemselvesmoreproductive.

Procedures：

Specifyrulesorguidelinesforcomputeroperations.

Software：

Providesstep-by—stepinstructionsforcomputerhardware.

Hardware:

Processesthedatatocreateinformation.

Data:

Consistofunprocessedfactsincludingtext,numbers,imageandsounds。

Peoplearethemostimportantpartofanyinformationsystem.

2.Whatissystemsoftware?

Whatkindsofprogramsareincludedinsystemsoftware?

Systemsoftwarehelpsthecomputermanageitsowninternalresources.Itincludesthreekindsofprograms:

operatingsystems，utilitiesanddevicedriversprograms。

3.Defineandcomparebasicandspecializedapplicationsoftware.Describesomedifferenttypesofbasicapplicationsoftware。

Describesometypesofspecializedapplications。

Basicapplicationsarethekindsofprogramstobeconsideredcomputercompetent。

Specializedapplicationsaremorenarrowlyfocusedonspecificdisciplinesandoccupations.

Basicapplicationshavesometypes，suchasbrowser,wordprocessor,spreadsheet,andsoon。

Alsospecializedapplicationshavemanytypes，someofthebestknownaregraphics，audioandvideo，multimedia，Webauthoring,andartificialintelligenceprograms.

4.Describethedifferenttypesofcomputer.Whatisthemostcommontype？

Whatarethetypesofmicrocomputers？

Therearefourtypesofcomputers：

supercomputers，mainframecomputers,minicomputers,andmicrocomputers。

Supercomputersarethemostpowerfultypeofcomputer.

Mainframecomputersoccupyspeciallywired,air—conditionedrooms，theyarecapableofgreatprocessingspeedsanddatastorage.

Minicomputersarerefrigeratorsizedmachines.

Microcomputersaretheleastpowerful,yetthemostwidelyusedandfastest-growing，typeofcomputer.

Microcomputersarethemostcommontypeofcomputers。

Therearefourtypesofmicrocomputers：

Desktopcomputers,Notebookcomputers，HandheldcomputersandPDA。

5.Whatisconnectivity?

Howarethewirelessrevolutionandconnectivityrelated？

Whatisacomputernetwork?

WhatistheInternet?

WhatistheWeb？

Connectivityisthecapabilityofyoumicrocomputertosharetheinformationwithothercomputers.

Wirelessrevolutiondramaticallyaffectconnectivity.

Acomputernetworkisacommunicationssystemconnectingtwoormorecomputers.

Internetisthelargestnetworkintheworld.

TheWebprovidesamultimediainterfacetothenumerousresourcesavailableontheInternet。

CHAPTER2

1.DiscusstheusesoftheInternet.Whichactivitieshaveyouparticipatedin？

Whichonedoyouthinkisthemostpopular？

ThemostcommonusesoftheInternetarethefollowing：

communicating，shopping,searching，entertainment,education,andsoon.Ihaveparticipatedinalmostallofthem.Ithinkcommunicatingisthemostpopular.

2.Explainthedifferencesbetweenthetwomostcommontypesofproviders.

ThetwomostcommontypesofprovidersareNationalandwireless。

Nationalserviceprovidersprovideaccessthroughstandardtelephoneconnections。

WirelessserviceprovidersprovideInternetconnectionsforcomputerswithwirelessmodemsandawidearrayofwirelessdevices。

3.Whatarethebasicelementsofane—mailmessage?

Atypicale-mailmessagehasthreebasicelements：

header，messageandsignature。

4.Whatissocialnetworking?

Describethethreetypesifsocialnetworkingsites。

Socialnetworkingisthegroupingofindividualsintospecificgroups.Therearethreebasiccategoriesofsocialnetworkingsites:

reuniting，friend-of—a—friendandcommoninterest

Reunitingsitesaredesignedtoconnectpeoplewhohaveknownoneanotherbuthavelosttouch.

Friend-of-a-friendsitesaredesignedtobringtogethertwopeoplewhodonotknowoneanotherbutshareacommonfriend。

Commoninterestsitesbringtogetherindividualsthatsharecommoninterestsorhobbies。

5.Describethedifferenttypesofsearchengines.Givenanexampleofthetypeofsearcheachengineisbestfor。

Therearethreetypesofsearchengines:

crawler—basedsearchengines，metasearchenginesandspecializedsearchengines

Crawler-basedsearchengines,suchasGoogle,createtheirlistingsautomatically。

Metasearchenginesareprogramsthatautomaticallysubmityoursearchrequesttoseveralenginessimultaneously。

Themetasearchenginesreceivestheresults，eliminatesduplicates,ordersthehits，andthenprovidestheeditedlisttoyou.oneofthebestknownisDogpile。

Specializedsearchenginesfocusonsubject—specificWebsites。

suchasEnvironment.

CHAPTER3

1.Explainthedifferencebetweengeneral—purposeandspecial—purposeapplications。

General-purposeapplicationarewidelyusedinnearlyeverydisciplineandoccupation。

Theyincludewordprocessors,spreadsheets,databasemanagementsystemsandpresentationgraphics.

Specializedapplicationincludesthousandsofotherprogramsthataremorenarrowlyfocusedonspecificdisciplinesandoccupations.

2.Discussthecommonfeaturesofmostsoftwareprograms。

Describethenewinterfacetowhat-ifanalysis?

MostapplicationsuseaGUI，usewindowstodisplayinformation,andhavemenustopresentcommands。

3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenafunctionandaformula?

Howisaformularelatedtowhat-ifanalysis？

Aformulaisaninstructiontocalculateorprocess.Functionsareprewrittenformulas.Aformularelatedtowhat—ifanalysisiscalledrecalculation.

4.Whatarepresentationgraphicsprograms?

Howaretheyused?

Presentationgraphicsareprogramsthatcombineavarietyofvisualobjectstocreateattractive,visuallyinterestingpresentation。

Peopleinavarietyofsettingandsituationsusepresentationgraphicsprogramstomaketheirpresentationsmoreinterestingandprofessional.

5.Whatisthedifferencebetweenanintegratedpackageandasoftwaresuite?

Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesodeach？

Anintegratedpackageisasingleprogramthatprovidesthefunctionalityofawordprocessor,spreadsheet,databasemanager，andmore。

Theprimarydisadvantageofanintegratedpackageisthatthecapabilitiesofeachfunctionarenotasextensiveasintheindividualprograms。

Theprimaryadvantagesarecostandsimplicity.

Asoftwaresuiteisacollectionofseparateapplicationprogramsbundledtogetherandsoldasagroup。

Itissignificantlylessexpensivetobuyasuiteofapplicationsthantobuyeachapplicationseparately

CHAPTER4

1.Describegraphics,includingdesktoppublishers,imageeditors,illustrationprograms，imagegalleries，andgraphicssuites。

Graphicsarewidelyusedtoanalyzedataandtocreateprofessional-lookingpresentations；Desktoppublishersfocusonpagedesignandlayoutandprovidegreaterflexibility；Imageeditorsareprogramsforcreatingandeditingbitmapimages；Illustrationprogramsareusedtocreateandtoeditvectorimages；Imagegalleriesarelibrariesofelectronicimages.Theseimagesareusedforawidevarietyofapplicationsfromillustratingtextbookstoprovidingvisualinteresttopresentations;

Graphicssuitesaresomecompaniescombiningtheirseparategraphicsprogramsingroups.

2.Discussaudioandvideoeditingsoftware。

Audioeditingsoftwareallowsyoutocreateandeditaudioclips，mostsoftwareallowyoutoaddaudioeffectstoyourtracks.Videoeditingsoftwareallowsyoutoreorganize，addeffects，andmoretoyourdigitalvideofootage。

3.Whatismultimedia?

Howaremultimediapresentationsdeveloped?

Multimediaistheintegrationofallsortsofmediaintoonepresentation.Thecreationofinteractivemultimediapresentationsfollowsseveralsteps：

Plan，Design，CreateandSupport.

4.DescribeWebauthoring，includingWebsitedesignandWebauthoringprograms.

CreatingasiteiscalledWebauthoring.Awebsitedesignisaninteractivemultimediaformofcommunication,designingawebsitebeginswithdeterminingthesite’soverallcontent,theoverallsitedesigniscommonlyrepresentedinagraphicalmap。

Morespecializedandpowerfulprograms,calledWebauthoringprograms,aretypicallyusedtocreatesophisticatedcommercialsites.

5.Discussthreeareasofartificialintelligence.

Thethreeareasofartificialintelligencearevirtualreality，knowledge—basedsystemsandrobotics.Virtualrealityisanartificial，orsimulated,realitygeneratedin3—Dbyacomputer。

Knowledge-basedsystemsareatypeofartificialintelligencethatusesadatabasetoprovideassistancetousers。

Roboticsisthefieldofstudyconcernedwithdevelopingandusingrobots。

CHAPTER5

1.Describesystemsoftware。

Whatarethefourtypesofsystemprograms?

Systemsoftwareworkswithendusers，applicationsoftware，andcomputerhardwaretohandlethemajorityoftechnicaldetails.Itconsistsoffourtypesofprograms：

operatingsystems,utilities,devicedriversandlanguagetranslators.

2.Whatarethebasicfunctionsofeveryoperatingsystem？

Whatarethethreebasicoperatingsystemcategories？

Thebasicfunctionsofeveryoperatingsystemare:

managingcomputerresources，providingauserinterface，andrunningapplications。

Thethreebasicoperatingsystemcategoriesare：

embedded,networkandstand-alone.

3.ExplainthedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenWindows,MacOS,andLinux.

Windowsisbyfarthemostpopularmicrocomputeroperatingsystemtoday。

ItcomesinavarietyofdifferentversionsandisdesignedtorunwithIntelandIntel-compatiblemicroprocessors。

MacOSisnotnearlyaswidelyusedastheWindowsoperatingsystem.Itisapowerful,easy—to-useoperatingsystemthatispopularwithprofessionalgraphicdesigns,desktoppublishers，andmanyho