职称英语 理工B 概况句子大意与完成句子.docx

职称英语 理工B 概况句子大意与完成句子.docx

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职称英语理工B概况句子大意与完成句子

2014年职称英语理工B概况句子大意与完成句子

第六篇：

HowWeFormFirstImpression

1　Weallhavefirstimpressionofsomeonewejustmet.Butwhy?

Whydoweformanopinionaboutsomeonewithoutreallyknowinganythingabouthimorher—asideperhapsfromafewremarksorreadilyobservabletraits.

2　Theanswerisrelatedtohowyourbrain,allowsyoutobeawareoftheworld.Yourbrainissosensitiveinpickingupfacialtraits,evenveryminordifferenceinhowaperson’seyes,ears,nose,ormouthareplacedinrelationtoeachothermakesyouseehimorherasdifferent1.Infact,yourbraincontinuouslyprocessesincomingsensoryinformation—thesightsandsoundsofyourworld.Theseincoming“signals”arecomparedagainst2ahostof“memories”storedinthebrainareascalledthecortexsystemtodeterminewhatthesenewsignals“mean.”

3　Ifyouseesomeoneyouknowandlikeatschool3,yourbrainsays“familiarandsafe.‘‘Ifyouseesomeonenew,itsays,“new—potentiallythreatening.”Thenyourbrainstartstomatchfeaturesofthisstrangerwithother“known”memories；Theheight,weight,dress,ethnicity,gestures,andtoneofvoiceareallmatchedup.Themoreunfamiliarthecharacteristics,themoreyourbrainmaysay,“Thisisnew.Idon’tlikethisperson.”Orelse,“I’mintrigued.“Oryourbrainmayperceiveanewfacebutfamiliarclothes,ethnicity,gestures—likeyourotherfriends；soyourbrainsays:

“Ilikethisperson.”Butthesepreliminary“impressions”canbedeadwrong4.

4　Whenwestereotypepeople,weusealessmatureformofthinking（notunliketheimmaturethinkingofaveryyoungchild）thatmakessimplisticandcategoricalimpressionsofothers.Ratherthanleamaboutthedepthandbreadthofpeople—theirhistory,interest,values,strengths,andtruecharacter—wecategorizethemasjocks,geeks,orfreaks.

5　However,ifweresistinitialstereotypicalimpressions,wehaveachancetobeawareofwhatapersonistrulylike.Ifwespendtimewithaperson,hearabouthisorherlife,hopes,dreams,andbecomeawareoftheperson’scharacter,weuseadifferent,morematurestyleofthinking—andthemostcomplexareasofourcortex,whichallowustobehumane.

词汇：

trait/treɪ,treɪt/n．特点，特征，特性

host/həʊst/n．一大群，许多

simplistic/sɪm’plɪstɪk/adj．过分单纯化的

categorical/,kætɪ’gɒrɪkl/adj．绝对的

jock/dʒɒk/n．骗子

geek/gi:

k/n．反常的人

stereotype/’sterɪətaɪp/v．对……产生成见

humane/hju:

’meɪn,hjʊ-/adj．有人情味的，人文的

sensory/’sensərɪ/adj．感官的，感觉的

cortex/’kɔ:

teks/n．脑皮层

ethnicityn．种族特点

intrigue/ɪn’tri:

g/v．激起兴趣

freak/fri:

k/n．怪人

注释：

1．Yourbrainissosensitiveinpickingupfacialtraits,evenveryminordifferenceinhowaperson’seyes,ears,nose,ormouthareplacedinrelationtoeachothermakesyouseehimorherasdifferent：

从even开始到asdifferent是个结果状语从句，相当于thatevenveryminor....，而that是与主句中的so呼应的。

2．against：

和……对比

3．Ifyouseesomeoneyouknowandlikeatschool...：

如果你在学校里看见某个你认识而且喜欢的人……like在这里是动词。

4．deadwrong：

相当于completelywrong。

deadwrong是口语表达用语。

练习：

1．Paragraph2________

2．Paragraph3________

3．Paragraph4________

4．Paragraph5________

A　WaysofDeparturefromImmatureandSimplisticImpressions

B　CommentonFirstImpression

C　IllustrationofFirstImpression

D　ComparingIncomingSensoryInformationagainstMemories

E　ThreateningAspectofFirstImpressions

F　DifferencesamongJocks,GreeksandFreaks

5．Sensoryinformationisonethatisperceivedthrough________.

6．Youinterpretbycomparingitagainstthememoriesalreadystoredinyourbrain________.

7．Thewaywestereotypepeopleisalessmatureformofthinking,whichissimilarto________.

8．Wecanuseourmorematurestyleofthinkingthanksto________.

A　astranger’slessmaturetypeofthinking

B　themostcomplexareasofourcortex

C　theimmatureformofthinkingofaveryyoungchild

D　themeaningofincomingsensoryinformation

E　thesightsandsoundsoftheworld

F　anopportunitytoanalyzedifferentformsofthinking

2014年职称英语教材理工类概括大意与完成句子

第六篇：

HowWeFormFirstImpression

答案与题解：

1．D　本段叙述的是人脑解读感官信息的过程。

2．C　本段举例说明第一印象解读的过程，将第二段叙述的内容具体化。

3．B　本段对第一印象进行了评论，说第一印象不成熟，simplisticandcategorical。

4．A　本段说如果我们与某个人多接触，了解他的生活、希望、梦想和性格特征，我们对该人的认识就不会停留在第一印象的阶段，而是进入一个更深的层次。

5．E　选E的依据在第二段的第三句。

6．D　选D的依据在第二段的最后两句。

sensoryinformation的意思就是informationperceivedthroughsensoryorgans（视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉、嗅觉等）。

7．C　选C的依据在第四段的第一句，该句是：

Whenwestereotypepeople,weusealessmatureformofthinking（notunliketheimmaturethinkingofaveryyoungchild）thatmakessimplisticandcategoricalimpressionsofothers.

8．B　选B的依据在第五段第二句。

第七篇：

ScreenTest

1　EveryyearmillionsofwomenarescreenedwithX-raystopickupsignsofbreastcancer.Ifthishappensearlyenough,thediseasecanoftenbetreatedsuccessfully.Accordingtoasurveypublishedlastyear,21countrieshavescreeningprogrammes.Nineofthem,includingAustralia,Canada,theUSandSpain,screenwomenunder50.

2　Butthemedicalbenefitsofscreeningtheseyoungerwomenarecontroversial,partlybecausetheradiationbringsasmallriskofinducingcancer.Also,youngerwomenmustbegivenhigherdosesofX-raysbecausetheirbreasttissueisdenser.

3　ResearchersatthePolytechnicUniversity1ofValenciaanalysedtheeffectofscreeningmorethan160,000womenat11localclinics.Afterestimatingthewomen’scumulativedoseofradiation,theyusedtwomodelstocalculatethenumberofextracancersthiswouldcause.

4　ThemathematicalmodelrecommendedbyBritain’sNationalRadiologicalProtectionBoard（NRPB）predictedthatthescreeningprogrammewouldcause36cancersper100,000women,18ofthemfatal.ThemodelpreferredbytheUNScientificCommitteeontheEffectsofAtomicRadiationledtoalowerfigureof20cancers.

5　Theresearchersarguethatthelevelofradiation-inducedcancersis“notverysignificant”comparedtothefarlargernumberofcancersthatarediscoveredandtreated.TheValenciaprogramme,theysay,detectsbetween300and450casesofbreastcancerinevery100,000womenscreened.

6　Buttheypointoutthattheriskofwomencontractingcancerfromradiationcouldbereducedbybetween40and80percentifscreeningbeganat50insteadof45，becausetheywouldbeexposedtolessradiation.Theresultsoftheirstudy,theysuggest,couldhelp“optimisethetechnique”forbreastcancerscreening.

7　“Thereisatrade-offbetweenthediagnosticbenefitsofbreastscreeninganditsrisks,”admitsMichaelClarkoftheNRPB　Buthewarnsthatthestudyshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.“Onthebasisofthecurrentdata,forevery10cancerssuccessfullydetectedandpreventedthereisariskofcausingonelaterinlife.That’swhyradiationexposureshouldbeminimisedinanyscreeningprogramme.”

词汇：

polytechnic/,pɒlɪ’teknɪk/adj．多工艺的

cumulative/’kju:

mjʊlətɪv/adj．递增的

radiological/,reɪdɪəʊ’lɒdʒɪk/adj．放射性的

contract/’kɒntrækt/vt．感染

optimise/’ɒptɪmaɪz/vt．最大限度地完善

trade-offn．平衡

注释：

PolytechnicUniversity：

理工大学

练习：

1．Paragraph2________

2．Paragraph3________

3．Paragraph4________

4．Paragraph5________

AHarmScreeningMayDotoaYoungerWoman

B　InvestigatingtheEffectofScreening

C　EffectsPredictedbyTwoDifferentModels

D　SmallRiskofInducingCancersfromRadiation

E　TreatmentofCancersFFactorsThatTriggerCancers

F　FactorsThatTriggerCancers

5．Earlydiscoveryofbreastcancermay________.

6．Advantagesofscreeningwomenunder50are________.

7．Delayingtheageatwhichscreeningstartsmay________.

8．Radiationexposureshouldbe________.

A　becostly

B　harmful

C　savealife

D　stillopentodebate

E　reducetheriskofradiationtriggeringacancer

F　reducedtotheminimum

2014年职称英语教材理工类概括大意与完成句子

第七篇：

ScreenTest

答案与题解：

1．　A说是：

用X射线检查可能对年轻女人不好。

下面是第二段讲的意思：

但是，用X射线检查年轻女人，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的，部分原因是辐射有诱发癌症的小小的危险。

另外，年轻女人乳房组织紧密，给予的X射线的剂量要多一些。

2．B　B说的是：

调查用X射线检查的结果。

第三段第一句话是这么说的：

Valencia理工大学的研究人员分析了11个社区诊所用X射线检查16万以上女人的结果。

可以看出，这句话为真，B必然为真。

3．C　C说的是：

两种不同的模型预测的结果。

第四段讲的是,两种不同的数学模型在预测用X射线检查女人诱发癌症的结果是不一样的。

C概述了这段话。

4．D　D说的是：

辐射诱发癌症的危险是很小的。

第五段第一句话是这么说的：

Theresearchersarguethatthelevelofradiation-inducedcancersis“notverysignificant”comparedtothefarlargernumberofcancersthatarediscoveredandtreated.研究人员争辩说，与发现后接受治疗的癌症数字相比，由辐射诱发癌症的数字是很小的。

5．C　C与题干生成：

Earlydiscoveryofbreastcancermaysavealife.乳腺癌发现得早也许能挽救生命。

答案可以从第一段中找到。

6．D　D与题干生成：

Advantagesofscreeningwomenunder50arestillopentodebate.对50岁以下的女人用X射线检查的好处仍然是有争议的。

第二段第一个句子是这么说的：

Butthemedicalbenefitsofscreeningtheseyoungerwomenarecontroversial...但是用X射线检查年轻女人，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的……这两个句子用词有些差别，基本意思是相同的。

7．E　E与题干生成：

Delayingtheageatwhichscreeningstartsmayreducetheriskofradiationtriggeringacancer.延缓X射线检查的年龄也许能减少辖射诱发癌症的危险。

答案在第六段。

8．F　F与题干生成：

Radiationexposureshouldbereducedtotheminimum.应把接受辐射降低到最小的程度。

答案在文章的最后一句。

第八篇：

TheMirSpaceStation

1　TheRussianMirSpaceStation,whichcamedownin2001atlastafter15yearsofpioneeringtheconceptoflong-termhumanspaceflight,isrememberedforitsaccomplishmentsinthehumanspaceflighthistory.Itcanbecreditedwithmanyfirstsinspace.

2　DuringMir’slifetime,RussiaspentaboutUS$4.2billiontobuildandmaintainthestation.

3　TheSovietUnionlaunchedMir,whichwasdesignedtolastfromthreetofiveyears,onFebruary20,1986,andhoused104astronautsover12yearsandsevenmonths,mostofwhomwerenotRussian.Infact,itbecamethefirstinternationalspacestationbyplayinghostto162peoplefrom11countries.From1995through1998,sevenastronautsfromtheUnitedStatestookturnslivingonMirforuptosixmonthseach2.Theywereamongthe37Americanswhovisitedthestationduringninestopoversbyspaceshuttles.

4　Themorethan400milliontheUnitedStatesprovidedRussia