农民工英文资料Word文件下载.docx

农民工英文资料Word文件下载.docx

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anumberequivalenttotwothirdsthepopulationoftheUnitedStates¡

haveleftthecountrysideandmigratedtothecitiesinrecentyears.About13millionnewpeoplejointhelegionseveryyear.Thenumberisexpectedtoreach250millionby2012andsurpass300millionandmaybereach400millionby2025.

Manyarefarmersandfarmworkersmadeobsoletebymodernfarmingpracticesandfactoryworkerswhohavebeenlaidofffrominefficientstate-runfactories.Theyincludemenandwomenandcoupleswithchildren.Menoftengetconstructionjobswhilewomenworkincheap-laborfactories.MostcomefromSichuan,Hunan,Henan,AnhuiandJiangxiProvinces.A60-year-oldgrandmotherfromSichuanwhowasaslaboreronaconstructionsiteinShanghaitoldtheLosAngelesTimes,¡

°

Ifyou¡

rewillingtowork,youcangetajobhereevenifyou¡

reold.¡

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Somanymigrantsleavetheirhomeslookingforworktheyoverburdentherailsystem.IntheHunanprovince,52peopleweretrampledtodeathinthelate1990swhen10,000migrantswereherdedontoafreighttrain.Tostemtheflowofmigrants,officialsinHunanandSichuanhaveplacedrestrictionsontheuseoftrainsandbusesbyruralpeople.

MostmigrantworkershavetraditionallygonetoBeijing,Shanghai,Shenzhenandthecoastalcitiesbutmoreareheadingtotheinteriorwherenewopportunitiesareopeningupandthereislesscompetition.Insomecities,themigrantsalmostoutnumbertheresidents.ThesmallindustrialcityofYiwu,forexample,inZhejiangProvince,ishometo640,000officialresidentsandamigrantpopulationofseveralhundredthousand.

Theboomingcitiesaredesperateforcheaplaborwhilethecountrysideisexperiencinglaborsurpluses.Thecitiesprovidesomuchworktheyaresometimescalled¡

factorieswithoutchimneys.¡

Themigrationisallthemoreextraordinarywhenoneconsidersthatthegovernmenthastriedtorestrictit.OneyounggirltoldNationalGeographic,¡

Alltheyoungpeopleleaveourvillage.I¡

mnotgoingback.Manycan¡

tevenaffordabusticketandhitchhiketoBeijing."

Overall,theChinesegovernmenthastacitlysupportedmigrationasmeansofprovidinglaborforfactoriesandconstructionsitesandforthelongtermgoalsoftransformingChinafromarural-basedeconomytoanurban-basedone.Someinlandcitieshavestartedprovidingmigrantswithsocialsecurity,includingpensionsandotherinsurance.

MIGRANTWORKERSINCHINA

Chinaisnowexperiencingthelargestmassmigrationofpeoplefromthecountrysidetothecityinhistory.Anestimated230millionChinese（2010）¡

anumberequivalenttotwothirdsthepopulationoftheUnitedStatesfourthreetimesthenumberofpeoplewhoemigratedtoAmericanfromEuropeoveracentury¡

haveleftthecountrysideandmigratedtothecitiesinrecentyears.About13millionnewpeoplejointhelegionseveryyear.Thenumberisexpectedtoreach250millionby2012andsurpass300millionandmaybereach400millionby2025.

Manyarefarmersandfarmworkersmadeobsoletebymodernfarmingpracticesandfactoryworkerswhohavebeenlaidofffrominefficientstate-runfactories.Theyincludemenandwomenandcoupleswithchildren.Menoftengetconstructionjobswhilewomenworkincheap-laborfactories.MostcomefromSichuan,Hunan,Henan,AnhuiandJiangxiProvinces.A60-year-oldgrandmotherfromSichuanwhowasaslaboreronaconstructionsiteinShanghaitoldtheLosAngelesTimes,¡

rewillingtowork,youcangetajobhereevenisyou¡

Somanymigrantsleavetheirhomeslookingforworktheyoverburdentherailsystem.IntheHunanprovince,52peopleweretrampledtodeathinthelate1990swhen10,000migrantswereherdedontoafreighttrain.Tostemtheflowofmigrants,officialsinHunanandSichuanhaveplacedrestrictionsontheuseoftrainsandbusesbyruralpeople.

MostmigrantworkershavetraditionallygonetoBeijing,Shanghai,Shenzhenandthecoastalcitiesbutmoreareheadingtotheinteriorwherenewopportunitiesareopeningupandthereislesscompetition.Insomecities,themigrantsalmostoutnumbertheresidents.ThesmallindustrialcityofYiwu,forexample,inZhejiangProvince,ishometo640,000officialresidentsandamigrantpopulationofseveralhundredthousand.

Theboomingcitiesaredesperateforcheaplaborwhilethecountrysideisexperiencinglaborsurpluses.Thecitiesprovidesomuchworktheyaresometimescalled¡

Themigrationisallthemoreextraordinarywhenoneconsidersthatthegovernmenthastriedtorestrictit.OneyounggirltoldNationalGeographic,¡

Overall,theChinesegovernmenthastacitlysupportedmigrationasmeansofprovidinglaborforfactoriesandconstructionsitesandforthelongtermgoalsoftransformingChinafromarural-basedeconomytoaurban-basedone.Someinlandcitieshavestartedprovidingmigrantswithsocialsecurity,includingpensionsandotherinsurance.

GoodWebsitesandSources:

ChinaLaborBulletin（Chinesegovernmentsources）china-labour.org;

2009NewYorkTimesarticle;

ChinaBeatblogreport;

ChildrenofMigrantworkersChinaLaborBulletin;

LinksinthisWebsite:

URBANLIFEINCHINAF

UrbanMigrationPatternsinChina

MigrantworkerslookingforworkOneinfourresidentsofBeijingisamigrantfromthecountryside.ThelaborofBeijing¡

sfourmillionmigrantworkershasbeenessentialtobuildingthecity.Peoplewithskilledjobssuchasweldersonhighrisesgetpaid$280amonth.

Themigrantworkdrivebeganinearnestin1992,whenChina¡

scoastaleconomicpowerhousesfoundtheycouldnotgrowfurtherwithoutthegovernmentlooseningtravelrestrictionstoattractworkersfromalloverChina.So,morepersonalfreedomtomovearoundChinawasunleashedthen.[Source:

ThomasL.Friedman,NewYorkTimes,August31,2008]

Sociologistscallthemigrationtothecitiesthe"

brightlightseffect."

Inmostcasesvillagemenheadofftocitiestofindwork,leavingtheirwivesandchildrenbehindtoraisethechildrenandtakecareoftheirland.Themenoftengetmenialjobsandsendthemoneyback.Afteramanestablisheshimselfinthecityheisjoinedbyhiswifeandchildren,thennephewsandunclesandotherextendedfamilymembers,whointurnestablishthemselvesandarejoinedbytheirfamiliesandextendedfamilies.

Thepoorestofthepoorusuallydon'

tmigratetothecitiesorabroad,ratheritspeoplethatcanscrapetogethersomeextramoneyforthetrip.Somepeoplemovetothecitiestoseekabetterlife.Otherhavebeendrivenofftheirlandasaresultofsoildepletion,erosionordisasters.Membersofthelatergrouparesometimesdescribedasenvironmentalrefugees.

Migrationtothecitieshasbeendescribedas¡

themosteffectivewayforreducingthebirthrate¡

andimprovinglife.Thepoorgenerallyhavebetteraccesstoeducation,healthcare,safewater,sanitationinthecitiesthantheywouldinthecountryside.TheWorldBankhascalledmigration¡

apowerfulforceforpovertyreduction.¡

In2005,200millionmigrantsaroundtheworldsenthome$167billion.Thatistwicethesizeoftheworld¡

sdevelopmentspending,andupfrom$31billionin1990.

Everyyear,duringthelunarNewYear,130millionworkersreturnfromChina¡

sindustrialcitiestotheirhomesinthecountryside,Somehavecalledthistemporaryshiftinpopulationthelargesthumanmigrationintheworld.

SeeFilm,LastTrainHome

MigrantWorkersinChina

Therearearound145millionmigrantsworkers（11percentofthetotalpopulation,2010）¡

largerthantheentireworkforceoftheUnitedStates¡

workinginChinaatanygiventime.Themigratinglaborersworkforlowpay,oftenunderhorrendousconditions,infactories,atconstructionsites,inminesandonrailroadsandroads.Theyworkinrestaurants,dieincoalmines,makebricks,peddlebicycletodelivercoalandpickuptrash.Theyfollowjobsfromcitytocity.OneworkertoldtheTimesofLondon,¡

Wedothedirtiestandhardestworkandeveryonedespisesus.¡

OnthemigrantsinBeijing,JamesFallowswroteinTheAtlanticMonthly,¡

Countrypeoplestandoutintheurbancrowd.Theirhandsandfacesaremoreweathered,theirclothessimplerandmoreragged.Oftentheymoveabouttownluggingunwieldybundlesofbeddingandbelongingwrappedinplaid-patternedwoven-plasticfabricthatsomehowhasbecomethestandardforsuchpurposesinpoorcountriesaroundtheworld.¡

Althoughtheyareasourceofgreatsocialupheavalinthevillagesandcitiesmigrantworkerskeepvillagesgoingthatmightotherwisediebyprovidingrelativesbackhomewithmoneyandtheykeepcitiesgoingbyprovidingthecheaplaborthatfuelseconomicgrowth.

SomehavedescribedthemigrationofworkersinChinaasthelargestpeacetimemovementofhumanityever,dwarfingtheIrishandItalianmigrationstoAmerica（theentireIrishmigrationtoAmericabetween1820and1930wasaround4.5million