高中化学教材常考实验总结及命题方式解读The experiment summary of senior middle school chemistry tex.docx

高中化学教材常考实验总结及命题方式解读The experiment summary of senior middle school chemistry tex.docx

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高中化学教材常考实验总结及命题方式解读Theexperimentsummaryofseniormiddleschoolchemistrytex

高中化学教材常考实验总结及命题方式解读（Theexperimentsummaryofseniormiddleschoolchemistrytextbookandtheinterpretationofpropositionalway）

Theexperimentsummaryofseniormiddleschoolchemistrytextbookandtheinterpretationofpropositionalway

GaoHaizeng,thefirstmiddleschoolofYinanCounty,ShandongProvince

Thechemicalexperimentinthecollegeentranceexaminationproportionismoreandmorebig,currentlyhastwocharacteristics:

oneistheexperimentalcollegeentranceexaminationpropositionbasedknowledgeprominenttestexperimentsandbasicoperationability,twoistheprominenttestofexperimentexploringability,thispointhasbeenexplicitlyrequestedintheexaminationsyllabus.Textbookexperimentsoftenbecomethecarrierofexaminingstudents'experimentalinquiryability.Therefore,theimportanceofexperimentaltextbooksisself-evident,inviewofthecurrentdistributioninexperimentalteachinginthepresentsituationofstudentsisscatteredanddifficulttograsp,Iorganizedagroupofteachersweresummarized,whichareherebyissuedtoyou.

First,thepreparationofacertainamountofconcentrationofthesolution

TaketheNaOHsolutionfor100mL1.00mol/Lasanexample:

1steps:

（1）calculation

（2）weighing:

4.0g（retainadecimal）（3）（4）:

totransferthedissolvedsolutioninabeakeriscooledtoroomtemperatureafterwashingtransfer（5）（6）volume:

distilledwaterintothebottle,whentheliquidlevelfromthescaleline1-2cm,toadropperdropsofdistilledwatertothelowestpointoftheconcavesurfacescalesatthesamelevel（7）:

shakethebottlecover,upsidedownandshakethebottle（8）label:

name,labeldrugconcentration.

2,theinstrumentused:

（writtenbystep）

Balance,spoon,beaker,glassrod,（LiangTong）,100mLcapacitybottle,adropper

3,mattersneedingattention:

（1）capacitybottle:

onlyonescaleline,markedwiththetemperatureandrangespecifications,canonlybepreparedonthevolumeofthebottlesolution.（alsousetemperaturerangeandspecificationsareburets,cylinder）

（2）commoncapacitybottle:

50mL,100mL,250mL,500mL,1000mL.If480mLand240mLsolutionsareprepared,the500mLvolumetricflaskandthe250mLvolumetricflaskshallbeusedrespectively.Whenwritingtheinstrument,thecapacitybottlemustbemarkedandthetraybalanceshallnotbewrittenasatrayscale!

（3）beforeusingtheflaskmustleak.Methods:

toaddasmallamountofwaterinthebottle,thebottleplug,withtheindexfingertoholdthebottlecork,withthefingersoftheotherhandatthebottomofthebottle,standupsidedown,suchasWaterLeakage,cork1800upright,rotatingtightly,theninvertedifnotWaterLeakagecanbeused.（aseparatoryfunnelandburettebeforeusetoleak）

（4）propositionangle:

first,calculatethequantityofsolidandliquid,twoistheabsenceandchoiceoftheinstrument,andthethreeistheexperimentalerroranalysis.

Preparationoftwo,Fe（OH）3colloid:

1,steps:

addFeCl3saturatedsolutiontoboilingwater,continuetoboiluntilthesolutionisreddishbrown,stopheating.

Operationpoints:

fourstepssong:

firstboil,addsaturatedFeCl3solution,andthenboiltoreddishbrown,stopheating

2,thechemicalequationinvolved:

Fe3++3H2O,Fe（OH）3（colloidal）+3H+

Oneemphasisisontheuseofequalsign,whichemphasizesthattwoindicatescolloidratherthanprecipitation,andemphasizesthatthreeisheating.

3,propositionalangle:

preparationstepsandthecorrespondingionequationwriting

Three,theflamereaction:

1,steps:

Wash-Burn-dip-Burn-Wash-burn

2.Theexperimentusesplatinumwireorwire

3,theflamecanbesimplesubstance,canalsobecompound,physicalproperties

4,Na,Kflame:

yellow,purple（throughthebluecobaltglass）

5,aflamereactionmaterial,ayellowflamemusthaveNa,theremaybeK

6,propositionangle:

experimentalprocedureandNa,Kflame

Preparationoffour,Fe（OH）2:

1,theexperimentalphenomenon:

whiteprecipitateimmediatelyturngraygreen,andfinallybecomereddishbrownprecipitation.

2.Thechemicalequationsare:

Fe2++2OH-=Fe（OH）,24E（OH）,2+O2+2H2O=,4E（OH）3

3,note:

（1）theferroussaltsolutionmustbefreshlyprepared,NaOHsolutionmustbeboiled,

（2）tobeinsertedbelowtheliquidburette

（2）,oftenwithalayerofoilfilmonthesurfaceoftheliquid,suchasbenzeneorfoodoil（topreventoxidationofoxygen）.

4.Propositionalperspectives:

phenomenainthepreparationprocess,equations,writing,andreasonsfortakingaction

Five.Preparationofsilicicacid:

1steps:

adding3-5mLsaturatedNa2SiO3solutioninatesttube,1-2dropsofphenolphthaleinsolution,andthenthedropperdropwiseaddingdilutehydrochloricacid,sideedgeoscillation,tostopthecolorofthesolutionbecomesshallowanddisappearwhen.

2:

phenomenon:

transparentsilicicacidgelformation

3,H2SiO3:

+2NaClchemicalequation:

NaSiO3+2HCl=（weakacidsystem）

4,becausetheSiO32-NaSiO3solutionandthealkalinehydrolysis,therebyphenolphthaleinTSisred.

Six.Inspectionofimportantions:

Test1,Cl-:

addingAgNO3solution,thenaddingdilutenitricacid,ifgeneratedinsolubleindiluteHNO3whiteprecipitate;oraddnitratesolution（excludingCO32-interference）,addingAgNO3solution,suchasawhiteprecipitate,itshowsthattheexistenceofCl

2,SO42-test:

firstaddhydrochloricacid,ifthereiswhiteprecipitate,firstfilter,andthenaddBaCl2solutioninthefiltrate,theformationofwhiteprecipitatecanbeproved.Ifthereisnoprecipitation,thesolutionisdrippeddirectlyintotheBaCl2solutiontobetested.

Propositionalangles:

methodsofinspection,removal,precipitation,washing,andcalculationofrelativepurity

Seven.Thelaboratoryprocessofammoniagas

1,reactionprinciple:

2NH4Cl+Ca（OH）2CaCl2+2NH3=+2H2O

2:

Collection:

downwardexhaustair（pipeplug,abunchofcotton,toavoidairconvection）

3,checkwiththeredlitmuspaperwetonthetube,ifthelitmusblue,thathascollectedtheammoniawithconcentratedhydrochloricacidglassrodnearthetube,thereisalotofwhitesmoke,thathavebeencollectedwithammonia

4,dryingmethod:

alkalilimedrying（notanhydrouscalciumchloride）

5device:

solidandsolidheatinggasmakingdevice,andthesameasoxygen

Development:

concentratedammoniaorconcentratedammoniumsolutiondropsintolimeorcausticsodatoproduceammoniagas,orconcentratedammoniawatercanbedirectlyheatedtoproduceammoniagas

6,propositionangle:

becauseammoniaistheonlyexperimentintheproductionofgasinthemiddleschoolchemistryexperiment,itsstatusisimmeasurable.Themainanglesarethereactionprinciple,collection,dryingandchecking,andthenatureinquiryexperimentiscarriedoutonthisbasis.

Eight、fountainexperiment

1.Experimentprinciple:

ammoniaiseasytodissolveinwater,extrudingglueheaddropper,

Asmallamountofwatercandissolvealargeamountofammonia（1:

700）,sothatthepressureinsidetheflaskdecreasesrapidly,

Outsideatmosphericpressurethewaterpressureinthebeakerintotheflaskabove,

Therefore,NH3,HCl,HBr,HI,SO2andsoon

Gasesaredissolvedinwatertoformafountain.

2,experimentalphenomena:

Redfountain（ammoniadissolvedinwatertoformanalkalinesolution,phenolphthaleinalkalired）

3,theexperimentkey:

（1）ammoniashouldbefilled;theflaskshouldbedry,thedevicecannotleak

4,experimentaldevelopment:

CO2,H2S,Cl2andotherwatercannotformafountain,butwithNaOHsolutioncanformafountain

Nine.Experimentofcopperreactionwithconcentratedsulfuricacid

1,theexperimentalprinciple:

Cu+2H2SO4（concentrated）CuSO4+SO2=+2H2O

2.Phenomenon:

afterheating,themagentasolutioninthetesttubeisfading,

Inthetesttubeorpurplelitmusred;thesolutionafterreactionispouredintoabeakerofwatersolutionfromblacktoblue.

3,reasonexplanation:

thedarksubstanceisoxidizedbyconcentratedsulfuricacidtoproduceCuO,CuOreactswithdilutedsulfuricacidtoproduceCuSO4solution.

[prompt]becausethisreactionisquick,thecopperwireisusedforconvenientextractionintimetoreducepollution.

Propositionpointofview:

thenatureofSO2andtheexplorationofproducts,greenchemistryandthetreatmentofexhaustgas.

Ten.Thermitreaction:

1,experimentalsteps:

putasmallamountofdryironoxideandtheamountofaluminumpowderaftermixingevenlyonthepaperfunnel,plusasmallamountofpotassiumchlorateinthemixtureofabovesolid,intermediatestickapieceofsandpaperpolishedthemagnesium,lit.

2,theexperimentalphenomena:

theimmediatereaction,shine,producealotofsmoke,burnedpaperfunnelbroken,withredhotliquidbeads,fallintothesandintheevaporatingdish,dropletaftercoolingintosolidblack.

3.Chemicalreactionequation:

Fe2O3+2Al2Fe+Al2O3

4,mattersneedingattention:

（1）thesurfaceoxidefilmonthesurfaceofthemagnesiumstripshouldbepolished,otherwiseitwillbedifficulttoignite.

（2）thefunnelintheglassfunnelshouldbethickerandwettedwithwatertopreventdamagetothefunnel

（3）theamountofevaporationofthepadtothesand:

oneistopreventevaporationofburst,thetwoistopreventthemoltenliquidspillwounding.

（4）theexperimentaldeviceshouldnotbetooclosetopreventinjuries.

5,propositionangle:

experimentaloperationprocedureandchemicalequation.

Eleven.Neutralizationheattest（understanding）:

1.Concept:

theneutralizationreactionbetweenacidandbaseproduces1molwater

Note:

（1）theacidandalkaliareofstrongacidandstrongbasecorrespondingtotheequation:

H++OH-=H2OH=-57.3KJ/mol

（2）thenumeric