love is a fallacy课后习题答案教案资料Word文档下载推荐.docx
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4.HedecidedtoteachPollyEspylogicbecausehewantednotonlyabeautifulwifebutalsoanintelligentone.Thenarratorwantedawifewhowouldhelptofurtherhiscareerasalawyer.HefoundPollyhadallthenecessaryqualitiesexceptintelligence.Thishedecidedtoremedybyteachingherlogic.HesucceededonlytoowellforintheendPollyrefusedtogosteadywithhimandemployedallthe"
logicalfallacies"
shehadbeentaughttorejecthisoffer.
5.
(1)Thefallacyofaccidentiscommittedbyanargumentthatappliesageneralruletoaparticularcaseinwhichsomespecialcircumstances("
accident"
)makestheruleinapplicable.Thisisthe"
DictoSimpliciter"
fallacyinthetext.
(2)Theconversefallacyofaccidentarguesimproperlyfromaspecialcasetoageneralrule.Thefactthatacertaindrugisbeneficialtosomesickpersonsdoesnotimplythatitisbeneficialtoallmen.Thisisthefallacyof"
HastyGeneralization"
inthetext.
(3)Thefallacyofirrelevantconclusioniscommittedwhentheconclusionchangesthepointthatisatissueinthepremises.Specialcasesofirrelevantconclusionarepresentedbytheso-calledfallaciesofrelevance.Theseinclude:
(a)theargu-ment"
AdHominem"
(speaking"
againsttheman"
ratherthantotheissue,orthefallacyof*'
PoisoningtheWell"
mentionedinthetext)inwhichthepremisesmayonlymakeapersonalattackonapersonwhoholdssomethesis,insteadofofferinggroundsshowingwhywhathesaysisfalse;
(b)theargument"
AdMiserieordiam"
(anappealto"
pity"
),aswhenatriallawyer,ratherthanarguingforhisclient'
sinnocence,triestomovethejurytosympathyforhim.(4)Thefallacyofcircularargumentor"
beggingthequestion"
occurswhenthepremisespresume,openlyorcovertly,theveryconclusionthatistobedemonstrated(example:
"
Gregoryalwaysvoteswisely."
Buthowdoyouknow?
BecausehealwaysvotesLibertarian."
).(5)Thefallacyoffalsecausemislocatesthecauseofonephenomenoninanotherthatisonlyseeminglyrelated.Themostcommonversionofthisfallacy,called"
posthoc,ergopropterhoc"
mistakestemporalsequenceforcausalconnection--aswhenamisfortuneisattributedtoa"
malignevent"
likethedroppingofamirror.(6)Thefallacyofmanyquestionsconsistsindemandingorgivingasingleanswertoaquestionwhenthisanswercouldeitherbedivided(example:
"
Doyoulikethetwins?
Neitheryesnorno;
butAnnyesandMaryno."
)orrefusedaltogether,becauseamistakenpresuppositionisinvolved(example-"
Haveyoustoppedbeatingyourwife?
).(7)Thefallacyof"
nonSequitur"
("
itdoesnotfollow"
),stillmoredrasticthanthepreceding,occurswhenthereisnotevenadeceptivelyplau-sibleappearanceofvalidreasoning,becausethereisavirtuallycompletelackofconnectionbetweenthegivenpremisesandtheconclusiondrawnfromthem.
Ⅲ.1.Thetitleofthestoryishumorousandwellchosen.Ithastwomeanings.When"
fallacy"
istakeninitsordinarysense,thetitlemeans:
Thereisadeceptiveordelusivequalityaboutlove."
Whenitistakenasaspecificterminlogic,thetitlemeans."
Lovecannotbededucedfromasetofgivenpremises."
2.Yes,Ican.Thewholestoryissatirizingasmug,self-conceitedfreshmaninalawschool.Thefreshmanismadethenarratorofthestorywhogoesonsmuglyboastingandsingingpraisesofhimselfateverychancehecouldget.Fromtheverybeginninginparagraph4,hebeginstohelponhimselfallthebeautifulwordsofpraisehecanthink:
cool,powerful,preciseandpenetrating.AtthesametimethenarratortakeseveryopportunitytodowngradePeteyBureh.Forexample,hecallshim"
dumb"
nothingupstairs"
'
unstable"
impressionable"
afaddist"
.AndasforPollyEspy,sheis"
abeautifuldumbgirl"
whowouldsmartenupunderhisguidance.
3.Thepurposeofthisessayistodemonstratethatlogic,farfrombeingadry,pedanticsubject,isaliving,breathingthing,fullofbeauty,passion,andtrauma.Logicmaybeaninterestingsubject.Thewriterisexaggeratingforthesakeofhumor.Thewriteremploysawholevarietyofwritingtechniquestomakehisstoryvivid,dramaticandcolorful.ThelexicalspectrumiscolorfulfromtheultralearnedtermsusedbytheconceitednarratortotheinfraclippedvulgarformsofPollyEspy.Heusesfigurativelanguageprofuselyandalsogrammaticinversionforspecialemphasis.Thespeedofthenarrationismaintainedbytheuseofshortsentences,ellip-ticalsentencesanddashesthroughoutthestory.Thismixaddstotherealismofthestory,
4.ThewriterdeliberatelymakesPollyEspyusealotofexclamatorywordslike"
Gee,"
Oo"
wow-dow"
andclippedvulgarformslike"
delish"
marvy"
sesaysh"
etc.tocreatetheimpressionofasimpleandratherstupidgirl.Thiscontrastsstronglywiththeboastingofthenarratorandthushelpstoincreasetheforceofsatireandirony.
5.ThenarratordoessuchafinalattempttomakePollyforgetthefallacieshehastaughther.HemayyetbeabletoconvincePollythathelovesherandthatsheshouldgosteady118withhim.
6.Thetopicsentenceofparagraph50isthesecondsentence--"
Hewasatornman."
Thewriterdevelopstheparagraphbydescribingthebehaviorofthetornman.Inotherwords,heusesillustrativeexamplestodevelopthethemestatedinhistopicsentence.
7.BecausehebeggedPolly'
slove,whichwasrefused.HemightgetthesameresultasFrankenstein,whocreatedamonsterthatdestroyedhim,notasPygmalion,whowaslovedbyhisownstatueofGalatea.
8.TheconclusionisironicbecausethewholethingbackfiresonthenarratorwhenPollyrefutesallhisargumentsaslogicalfallaciesbeforefinallyrejectinghim.Theendofthestoryfindsthatthenarratorhasgotwhathedeserves.Hehasbeentoocleverforhisowngood.
IV.1.Thefallacyofunqualifiedgeneralizationor"
adictosimpliciteraddictumsecundumquid"
.
2.ThefallacyofHastyGeneralization.
3.Thefallacyof"
posthoe,ergopropterhoc"
4.ThefallacyofHypothesisContrarytoFact.
5.Thefallacyof"
posthoc,ergopropterhoe"
6.ThefallacyofAdMisericordiam.
7.Thefallacyofunqualifiedgeneralization.
8.ThefallacyofHaMyGeneralization.
V.Seethetranslationofthetext.
Vl.1.discipline:
abranchofknowledgeorlearning
2.dynamo:
anearlierformforgenerator,amachinethatconvertsmechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy
3.flight:
fleeingorrunningawayfrom
4.Charleston:
alivelydancein4/4time,characterizedbyatwistingstepandpopularduringthe1920'
s
5.shed:
castofforlosehair
6.intheswim:
conformingtothecurrentfashions。
oractiveinthemaincurrentofaffairs
7?
practice:
theexerciseofaprofessionofoccupation
8?
pin—up:
(Americancolloquialism)designatingagirlwhosesexualattractivenessmakesherasubjectforthekindofpicturesoftenpinneduponwalls
9?
makings:
thematerialorqualitiesneededforthemakingordevelopmentofsomething-
10?
carriage:
mannerofcarryingtheheadandbody:
physicalposturebearing:
wayofcarryingoneself:
manner
11.gosteady:
(Americancolloquialism)datesomeoneoftheoppositesexregularlyandexclusively:
besweethearts
12.deposit:
(facetious)put,layorsetdown
l3.brief:
aconcisestatementofthemainpointsofalawcase。
usuallyfiledbycounselfortheinformationofthecourt
14.1et—up:
stopping;
relaxing
Ⅶ.1.fashion和fad均为名词。
fashion主要指某人,尤其指文学、艺术界或社会上流人物在某一特定场合或时间内穿衣、讲话等方面的姿态或习惯。
fad指由某种感情引起的一时的爱好或者一时流行的风尚。
2?
incredulous和incredible均为形容词。
incredulous是“不轻易相信的”、“表示怀疑的”的意思,指对某人的能力或意志力持怀疑和不相信态度。
incredible是“不可相信的”意思,指某件事不平凡或不大可能存在,因而表示怀疑或不可相信。
3?
passion和eagerness均为名词。
passi‘on指一种强烈的愿望或感情,这种愿望或感情往往会产生一种不可抗拒的或者必然的结果。
eagerness意即“渴望”或“热情”,但往往含有不耐烦的意味。
4.feeling和emotion均是名词。
feeling在没有上下文限制的时候,往往指人们在主观上反映的一种高兴或不高兴的感觉或感情。
emotion指由于精神上或身体上受到外界某种刺激而引起的一种强烈的情感或情绪。
5.reveal和show均为动词。
reveal指公开或揭露某种秘密或隐蔽的东西,好像是揭开一种掩饰物似的。
show指某种事物或者