Kants View of the Mind and Consciousness of SelfWord文档格式.docx

Kants View of the Mind and Consciousness of SelfWord文档格式.docx

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o2.1TranscendentalAesthetic

o2.2MetaphysicalDeduction

o2.3TranscendentalDeduction,1st 

Edition

o2.4AttackontheParalogisms,1st 

o2.5TwoDiscussionsinthe2nd-editionTDandOtherDiscussions

∙3.Kant'

sViewofthemind

o3.1Method

o3.2SynthesisandFaculties

▪3.2.1SynthesisofApprehensioninIntuition

▪3.2.2SynthesisofReproductioninImagination

▪3.2.3SynthesisofRecognitioninaConcept

o3.3Synthesis:

A90°

Turn

o3.4UnityofConsciousness

∙4.ConsciousnessofSelfandKnowledgeofSelf

o4.1SevenThesesAboutConsciousnessofandKnowledgeofSelf

▪4.1.1Thesis1:

TwoKindsofConsciousnessofSelf

▪4.1.2Thesis2:

RepresentationalBaseofConsciousnessofSelf

▪4.1.3Thesis3:

ConsciousOnlyofHowOneAppearstoOneself

▪4.1.4Thesis4:

ReferentialMachineryofConsciousnessofSelf

▪4.1.5Thesis5:

NoManifoldinConsciousnessofSelf

▪4.1.6Thesis6:

ConsciousnessofSelfisnotKnowledgeofSelf

▪4.1.7Thesis7:

ConsciousofSelfasSingle,CommonSubjectofExperience

∙5.KnowledgeoftheMind

∙6.WhereKantHasandHasNotInfluencedContemporaryCognitiveResearch

∙Bibliography

∙OtherInternetResources

∙RelatedEntries

1.ASketchofKant'

Inthisarticle,wewillfocusonImmanuelKant'

s（1724-1804）workonthemindandconsciousnessofselfandrelatedissues.

SomecommentatorsbelievethatKant'

sviewsonthemindaredependentonhisidealism（hecalledittranscendentalidealism）.Forthemostpart,thatisnotso.Atworst,mostofwhathesaidaboutthemindandconsciousnesscanbedetachedfromhisidealism.ThoughoftenviewedasaquintessentiallyGermanphilosopher,Kantissaidtohavebeenone-quarterScottish.Somephilosophers（oftenScottish）holdthat‘Kant’isaGermanizationoftheScottishname‘Candt’,thoughmanyscholarsnowrejecttheidea.Itisnoteworthy,however,thathisworkonepistemology,whichledhimtohisideasaboutthemind,wasaresponseto 

Hume 

asmuchastoanyotherphilosopher.

Ingeneralstructure,Kant'

smodelofthemindwasthedominantmodelintheempiricalpsychologythatflowedfromhisworkandthenagain,afterahiatusduringwhichbehaviourismreignedsupreme（roughly1910to1965）,towardtheendofthe20th 

century,especiallyincognitivescience.CentralelementsofthemodelsofthemindofthinkersotherwiseasdifferentasSigmundFreudandJerryFodorarebroadlyKantian,forexample.

Threeideasdefinethebasicshape（‘cognitivearchitecture’）ofKant'

smodelandoneitsdominantmethod.Theyhaveallbecomepartofthefoundationofcognitivescience.

1.Themindiscomplexsetofabilities（functions）.（AsMeerbote1989andmanyothershaveobserved,Kantheldafunctionalistviewofthemindalmost200yearsbeforefunctionalismwasofficiallyarticulatedinthe1960sbyHilaryPutnamandothers.）

2.Thefunctionscrucialformental,knowledge-generatingactivityarespatio-temporalprocessingof,andapplicationofconceptsto,sensoryinputs.Cognitionrequiresconceptsaswellaspercepts.

3.ThesefunctionsareformsofwhatKantcalledsynthesis.Synthesis（andtheunityinconsciousnessrequiredforsynthesis）arecentraltocognition.

Thesethreeideasarefundamentaltomostthinkingaboutcognitionnow.Kant'

smostimportantmethod,thetranscendentalmethod,isalsoattheheartofcontemporarycognitivescience.

∙Tostudythemind,infertheconditionsnecessaryforexperience.Argumentshavingthisstructurearecalledtranscendentalarguments.

Translatedintocontemporaryterms,thecoreofthismethodisinferencetothebestexplanation,themethodofpostulatingunobservablementalmechanismsinordertoexplainobservedbehaviour.

Tobesure,Kantthoughtthathecouldgetmoreoutofhistranscendentalargumentsthanjust‘bestexplanations’.Hethoughtthathecouldget 

apriori 

（experienceindependent）knowledgeoutofthem.Kanthadatripartitedoctrineofthe 

apriori. 

Heheldthatsomefeaturesofthemindanditsknowledgehad 

origins,i.e.,mustbeinthemindpriortoexperience（becauseusingthemisnecessarytohaveexperience）.Thatmindandknowledgehavethesefeaturesare 

truths,i.e.,necessaryanduniversal（B3/4）[1].Andwecancometoknowthesetruths,orthattheyare 

atanyrate,onlybyusing 

methods,i.e.,wecannotlearnthesethingsfromexperience（B3）（Brook1993）.Kantthoughtthattranscendentalargumentswere 

oryieldedthe 

inallthreeways.Nonetheless,attheheartofthismethodisinferencetothebestexplanation.Whenintrospectionfelloutoffavourabout100yearsago,thealternativeapproachadoptedwasexactlythisapproach.ItsnonempiricalrootsinKantnotwithstanding,itisnowthemajormethodusedbyexperimentalcognitivescientists.

OtherthingsequallycentraltoKant'

sapproachtothemindhavenotbeentakenupbycognitivescience,aswewillseeneartheend,akeypartofhisdoctrineofsynthesisandmostofwhathehadtosayaboutconsciousnessofselfinparticular.Farfromhismodelhavingbeensupersededbycognitivescience,someimportantthingshavenotevenbeenassimilatedbyit.

2.Kant'

ThemajorworkssofarasKant'

sviewsonthemindareconcernedarethemonumental 

CritiqueofPureReason（CPR） 

andhislittle,lateAnthropologyfromaPragmaticPointofView,firstpublishedin1798onlysixyearsbeforehisdeath.Sincethe 

Anthropology 

wasworkedupfromnotesforpopularlectures,itisoftensuperficialcomparedto 

CPR. 

Kant'

sviewofthemindarosefromhis 

generalphilosophicalproject 

in 

CPR 

thefollowingway.Kantaimedamongotherthingsto,

∙Justifyourconvictionthatphysics,likemathematics,isabodyofnecessaryanduniversaltruth.

∙Insulatereligion,includingbeliefinimmortality,andfreewillfromthecorrosiveeffectsofthisverysamescience.

Kantacceptedwithoutreservationthat“God,freedomandimmortality”（1781/7,Bxxx）existbutfearedthat,ifsciencewererelevanttotheirexistenceatall,itwouldprovidereasonstodoubtthattheyexist.Ashesawitandveryfortunately,sciencecannottouchthesequestions.“Ihavefounditnecessarytodeny 

knowledge,…inordertomakeroomfor 

faith.” 

（Bxxx,hisitalics）.

Layingthefoundationforpursuitofthefirstaim,whichashesawitwasnolessthantheaimofshowingwhyphysicsisascience,waswhatledKanttohisviewsabouthowthemindworks.Heapproachedthegroundingofphysicsbyasking:

Whatarethenecessaryconditionsofexperience（A96）?

Putsimply,heheldthatforourexperience,andthereforeourminds,tobeastheyare,thewaythatourexperienceistiedtogethermustreflectthewaythatphysicssaysthatobjectsintheworldmustbetiedtogether.Seeingthisconnectionalsotellsusalotaboutwhatourmindsmustbelike.

Hispursuitofthesecondaim,andspecificallyhis 

critiqueofsomeargumentsofhispredecessors 

thatentailedthatwecanknowmoreaboutthemind'

sconsciousnessofitselfthanKantcouldalso,ledhimtosomeextraordinarilypenetratingideasaboutourconsciousnessofourselves.

In 

CPR, 

Kantdiscussedthemindonlyinconnectionwithhismainprojects,neverinitsownright,sohistreatmentisremarkablyscatteredandsketchy.Asheputit,“Enquiry…[into]thepureunderstandingitself,itspossibilityandthecognitivefacultiesuponwhichitrests…isofgreatimportanceformychiefpurpose,…[but]doesnotformanessentialpartofit”（Axvii）.Indeed,Kantoffersnosustained,focusseddiscussionofthemindanywhereinhisworkexceptthepopular 

Anthropology, 

which,aswejustsaid,isquitesuperficial.

Inaddition,thetwochaptersof 

inwhichmostofKant'

sremarksonthemindoccur,thechapterontheTranscendentalDeduction（TD）andthechapteronwhathecalledParalogisms（faultyargumentsaboutthemindmountedbyhispredecessors）werethetwochaptersthatgavehimthegreatestdifficulty.（Theycontainsomeofthemostimpenetrableproseeverwritten.）Kantcompletelyrewrotethemainbodyofbothchaptersforthesecondedition（thoughnottheintroductions,interestingly）.

Inthetwoeditionsof 

therearesevenmaindiscussionsofthemind.ThefirstisintheTranscendentalAesthetic,thesecondisinwhatisusuallycalledtheMetaphysicalDeduction（forthisterm,seebelow）.Thentherearetwodiscussionsofitinthefirst-editionTD,inparts1to3ofSection2（A98uptoA110）andinthewholeofSection3（A115-A127）[2] 

andtwomoreinthesecond-editionTD,fromB129toB140andfromB153toB159,thelatterseeminglyaddedasakindofsupplement.TheseventhandlastisfoundinthefirsteditionversionofKant'

satt